Deliberative Democracy Essay Example for Free

thoughtful Democracy EssayTo what extent is thoughtful state an countenance approach for resolve public policy jobs?Definition of democracy.Deliberative approach as a type of democracy.Types of cases, when thoughtful democracy is substituted by refreshful(prenominal) types of democracy.The mightiness of mass or the bureau of nationThe power of minority or the power of representatives of interested partiesThe power of elite or power of professional politiciansDeliberative forum as an signifi do-nothingt musical instrument of thoughtful democracy.The deliberative democracy as continuation of traditions of former beliefs in head-grounded government. The deliberative democracy in carry away a leaks of Dewey, Cohen and Rippe.Cohen and his postulates of discourses.Habermas and his approach to deliberative democracy.Critical opinions regarding deliberative governance.Conclusion.Definition of democracy.We render word democracy preferably often in our e genuinelyday life. The primary(prenominal) meaning of this word is tardily to understand. But still, thither argon a lot of types of democracy. Lets examine the most provoke patient of of democracy a deliberative democracy and find out, to what extent is deliberative democracy an appropriate approach for closure power public policy problems.Deliberative approach as a type of democracy.It is well known that democracy as a shape of face of social- governmental life of the smart set is a favorite(a) policy for any country. Still, we need to underline that democracy, as well as any other social- policy-making system, is commensurate to show it in different forms, depending on conditions. One of much(prenominal) forms is so-called deliberative democracy. It is such(prenominal) kind of democracy, where citizens play the main role in semi policy-making carry throughes of society (Barber Winter 1998-1999, p.588). Quite often it is called as well a civil democracy.Actually, almost any nation in the domain knows what it is, because such social-political system is quite ancient. Almost any nation had tradition of community, where they discussed problems and the ports how to solve these problems, as well as raillery and adoption of practical ways out. The role of citizen starts exactly from this point from mutual backchat and action in politics within the limits of deliberative democracy. such type of democracy supposes that a citizen is the telling political histrion at the political guess of his country. It is likewise supposed that active citizen has a number of qualities, which atomic number 18 goaded to define quality of his effectiveness.such(prenominal) citizen has to be capable to find out, to discuss and to feel business for problems of his society and to be able to unite with other citizens in order to withdraw stopping points. It is as well valuable to publication into account all sides of political events, interests and values of other c itizens and to find a common base to take effective and preferable decisions. Nevertheless, although such kind of democracy is actually interesting, it is very difficult to develop and to husband its vitality.Types of cases, when deliberative democracy is substituted by other types of democracy.One of the main conditions of existing of deliberative democracy is mellow level of political and legal competence of its citizens and their desire to participate in political process of their country. Deliberative democracy is changed into other types of problematical democracies when it is impossible to have such conditions. Lets examine several(prenominal) types of such cases.a) The power of majority or the power of nationOne of them is the power of majority or the power of nation. Such type of democracy is often called a direct majority system. The decisions are taken on the base of opinions of majority. The elements of such democracy are referendums, different kinds of Gallup polls a nd one-stage elections. As a result, process of politics becomes simpletonr and ability of society to solve difficult social problems is decreased.The power of minority or the power of representatives of interested partiesThe other kind of democracy is the power of minority or the power of representatives of interested parties. The main demand of this type of democracy, which is called a representative democracy, is that all layers of population have their representatives in the institutions of governing. The problem is that such kind of democracy often becomes anamorphous. In particular, separate groups, who have their interests, start to dominate in political system. As a result, politics, which is brought into society, becomes highly specialized and oriented on only those groups, whose representatives were able to lobby their interests at the governmental level.The power of elite or power of professional politiciansAnother type of democracy is the power of elite or power of profe ssional politicians. Such type of democracy means that citizens almost fagt take part in politics and become cynical in relation to political process (Finley 1972, p.78). Such politics seems to be the matter of chosen (professionals and specialists) politicians, managers of election campaigns, image-makers, lobbyists, sociologists, pressmen, etc. Technocratic approach makes this kind of democracy different and almost displaces the citizens from political scene.Deliberative forum as an alpha instrument of deliberative democracy.Deliberative democracy in comparison with these types of democracy is completely different. It brings into politics voices of citizens, which are ale to change something in political processes of their country. This voice is not associated with simple public opinion, defined by the Gallup polls, simple voting or protesting. Instruments, which help deliberative democracy to function in the raw society, are various.The most important instrument of deliberati ve democracy is so-called deliberative forum (Honig 1993, p.2). Such forum represents not a simple discussion of a problem, but strictly regulated discussion accordingly to a definite form. ahead such forum takes place, its organizers often it is a kind of initiative group from the number of active citizens draw out the form of problems discussion. Participants of this forum obey to the form of discussion with help of hooked moderators ( throng, who are responsible for the forum). The stages of forum are as followsThe thespians share their experience of personal attitude regarding to the problem discussed.Moderator explains to the participants the essence of problem and gives three-four main approaches to solve it. He explains also possibilities to solve it practically, advantages and disadvantages of each approach as well. We have to note that approaches of variants of problem solving are prepared before the forum takes place and are made on the basis of dozens of small forum s, Gallup polls, interviews with citizens, governmental authorities, different organizations and other parties, who are snarly in problem, etc.The participants discuss approaches of problem solving and reach consensus basing on the most preferable position.It is also very important that participants of such a forum listen to discussions of their partners and do-nothing change their opinion in the process of discussion (Bohman 1997, p.343). The set of such forum shows that situations, when participants of forum change their opinion and prefer other approach, represented by other working group, are quite often. It proves once more that deliberation (discussion) is very strong and important instrument of political function on citizens and is very important in resolving political public problems.We need to note that deliberation is different from debates. Debates are establish on teaching that it is very important to prove your own opinion, your own point of view by proving ineffec tiveness of your resistances opinion. Deliberation presupposes enrichment of your own opinion and gives conjecture to reexamine it in the light of discussions and opinions of other participants.The participants work out practical actions for realization of chosen approach and decide when they have to meet the next clipping to continue chosen practical measures.Moderators make report on results of the forum and present the report to the parties which seat be interested and which are able to influence resolving problem. Such report is presented to mass media as well.The deliberative democracy as continuation of traditions of former concepts in legal government.The deliberative democracy is impertinent to the kinds of aforementioned democracies. It is also opposed to aggregative democracy, which reflects the results of compromises mingled with the group interests. It is based not on the correspondence of interests, but on the power of arguments for the sake of the good of all ci tizens (Bohman, J. Rehg 1997, p.IX). The public sphere is examined as the scene of wide discourse of citizens and reproduces the base for idea of public sovereignty. This civil reflection is not limited by any pre-determined principles. It acts only within the limits of known procedure rules.Actually, the deliberative process is used as the democracy, which allows discovering the horse sense of taken decisions and their consequences for society in common. Such concept represents a reaction on crisis condition of raw forms of Western democracy. The model of deliberative democracy seems to be idealistic and very interesting. Such concept arouses the interrogative of organic interaction of society and government. It focuses attention on modification of public sphere as the important point of civil activity and influence of civil activity on the governmental politics as well.The deliberative democracy continues traditions of former concepts of legal government and is examined as dem ocracy of rational discourse, discussion, conviction, argumentation and compromise (Connolly 1991, p.1). It is based on the statement that a modern human is a citizen, who takes active part in the life of society. His roles in society as a client and consumer are mixed to viewher with roles of participant in political and public processes. The modern human has tendency to non-belonging to any political party, because he is name to make compromise and to refuse from his preferences to reach compromise.When we use tradition of legal government design (particularly, the conception of Kant), we suppose that governmental-legal sphere should be examined to the maximum flexibility. It should be possible to take into account any new theme of discussion, opinions and re-examination of results. First of all we need to solve such problems as role of majority, opinions of minority, parliamentary responsibility and corporatism.The deliberative democracy in works of Dewey, Cohen and Rippe.Delib erative democracy is a concept, used by J. Dewey, which is examined in the modern political supposition by such authors as Cohen, Rippe, Habermas, etc. Dewey proposed to refuse from usual accord of democracy as political domination of majority and to examine the process from the other side, as way to obtain power by the majority of citizens. It green goddess be done with help of public discourses and lobbying interests by social groups and minorities in different discussions and forums.The rule of majority is as stupid, as critics speak about it. Still, it had neer been only the rule of majority The means with help of which the majority becomes the majority, are much more important debates, modification of opinions, discussions with minority, etc BY the other words, the efficient necessity of democracy is in improvement of methods and conditions of debates, discussions and forums (Dewey 1954, p 207)So, the very concept of publicity of politics has more important results that th e results of politics itself.The idea of deliberative democracy is based on intuition of publicity. It became an independent concept, which doesnt understand the aim of politics to satisfy interests of all mountain separately as liberal doctrine. On the contrary, it is the model, oriented on forum, where concepts about good for all people is discussed by means of mutual discussion of citizens (Rippe 2001, p.141.). Cohen explains the method of constitution of the political society. He explains the concept of deliberative democracy by means of a definite ideal procedure of consultation and taking decisions in political institutions.The concept of deliberative democracy is based on the intuitive ideal of democratic association, where the defense of rules and conditions of such association is made with help of public arguments and reflexion amidst the equal citizens. Deliberative politics destines that the parties should present grounds for their proposals, support or criticism The grounds should be presented clearly, and all participants can let in the proposal or refuse from it, presenting their critical points of view by means of free discussion between the equal (Cohen 1989, p.25)Cohen and his postulates of discourses.In such a way, we can define a number of discourses, which are examined as political function and are able to constitute political public society. Cohen speaks about several postulates of such proceduresSuch consultations should be made in argumentative form, i.e. by means of well-ordered information between the partiesConsultations should be open and public. Nobody can be excluded from the number of participantsConsultations are free and nobody can force the partner to accept a proposal, except by force of argumentsConsultations have the aim of rationally motivated agreement and can continue as long as possible. Still, the majority can take decision to stop them temporarilyPolitical consultations first of all should be the subject of discus sion of problems, which are the most important and interestingPolitical consultations also can be used for interpretation of demands and pre-political postulates (Cohen 1989, p.22). They shouldnt be limited by valuable consensus, based on common tradition and practice.Habermas and his approach to deliberative democracy.We can see that postulates of deliberative democracy are, actually, the reflexion of discourse theory into politics. So, it is no wonder that the concept of deliberative politics was accepted by Habermas and examined in his book Faktizitt und Geltung, basing on the concepts of discourse theory (Habermas 1998, p.35).Habermas examines new concept of civil society, taking closer concepts of civil society and political public. He retains world orientation, which is resulted on liberal political culture. At the alike time he focuses attention on forms of communication, organization and institutionalization of people in communities, where they form opinions, ideas, ideals, motives, values and orientations of different kind. Such conception allows forming new civil society, plural, effective and responsible. Habermas tries to find the principles and values of new civil society in many-sided communication of individuals, groups, countries and regions.We can find also the motive of ambivalent attitude (inheritance and refusal at the same time) to Utopian tradition of modern as consensus of free individuals being the basis of righteous civil order, and with institutional problems of real capitalism.Habermas examines ideals of bourgeois humanism, such as self-organization, rational forming of political will, personal and collective self-determination, self-organization of society at the background of cynical reality of the modern society. He changes the conceptual pair ideal-reality by the search of potential of rationality in everyday communicative practice. The last one is the basis of ideas, which finds expression in ideals of classical philosophy an d continues to be important nowadays. He examines the concept of public opinion as formal structure of communication and presupposition of possibility to reach consensus.What are the ways to form political consensus, which is important for society self-organization? The model of deliberative democracy, supported by Habermas, supposes the ideal of society, consisting of free and equal individuals, who determine forms of mutual life in political communication. The concept of discussion and procedure of political problems and taking decisions is taken as criteria of democracy of the real political process. The procedure of forming opinions and will of the nation should be understood as democratic self-organization. The decision, which is supported by the majority of citizens, should be understood as the legal. Political communication should rationally form the will of participants.The problem of dealing between the government and civil society should be examined through the prism of l iberal and republican political traditions. The concept of society as a political value (societas civilis) equalizes democracy with political self-organization of society as the one body. It is based on republican tradition, which supports the ideas of Aristotle and Rousseau. The government as bureaucratic administrative mechanism should become a part of society as a whole.Deliberative democracy is not a simple power of citizens opinions. It is rather the possibility of power of reason, which is a result of citizens discussions. Coordination of plans of activity among the citizens supposes the constant standards of behavior, which stipulate and stabilize mutual social expectations. Stabilization of social character is executed thanks to mutual involution of citizens as well as communication, which coordinates activity of individuals. The aim of communication is to reach consensus.Critical opinions regarding deliberative politics.Still, there are some critical opinions regarding de liberative democracy. Lets examine some of them. Critics write that the discussions can focus attention on different problems, which are found in the process of discussions. Those problems can influence on positive taking decisions, because they can worsen situation by arousing different disagreements (Held 1995, p.92). Even if the discussion helps to reach agreement, sometimes there are cases when such agreement is undesirable. People are able to get satisfaction from feeling of their unevenness and difference. And, on the contrary, they can think that consensus can lead to mediocrity.Such participants of discussion can understand the competition of ideas dispute to be vitally important for their personal freedom. Such institutional embodiments of thought lay on the basis of different attributes of democracy. So, we can resume, that the discussion not continuously leads to consensus. Also, when a discussion leads to consensus, it is not always can be examined as the advantage. T he deliberative approach is criticized also because its aim is based on optimistic pre-suppositions regarding the government. Nevertheless, any theory has its weak points.ConclusionAt the same time deliberative model of society focuses attention on personal rights of citizens, the principle of equality and practice of government. The ability to actualize those rights can be understood as ability to be a citizen in such deliberative society. Sharing position of Habermas, we can suppose that democratic society prepares the establishment of place of a liberal citizen.Such kind of participation in political processes of society is very important and actual in forming of conscious citizen and gives him possibility to participate in taking politically important decision and resolving public problems. In such a way, deliberative democracy presupposes education of responsible citizen, able to estimate difficulty of problems. Such citizen is able to accept legal interests of other intereste d groups (including traditional opponents). prescript of deliberative democracy generates the feeling of united nation and can be called an appropriate approach for resolving public policy problems.Works CitedBarber, B. (Winter 1998-1999). Three Scenarios for the Future of Technology and Strong Democracy, Political Science every quarter,vol. 113, 4Bohman, J. (1997). Deliberative Democracy and Effective Social Freedom Capabilities, Resources, and Opportunities in Deliberative Democrac, Essays on close and Politics, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts-LondonBohman, J. Rehg, W. (1997). (ed.) Deliberative Democracy, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massach.-London, EnglandCohen, J. (1989). Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy, Hablin A., Pettit B. (Hrsg.), The Good Polity, OxfordConnolly, W. (1991). Identity / Difference Democratic Negotiations of Political Paradox, N.Y.Dewey, J. (1954). The Public and its Problems, lettuceFinley, M. (1972). Democracy, Ancient and Modern. New Brunswi ckHabermas, J. (1998). Faktizitt und Geltung, Frankfurt a.M.Held, D. (1995). Democracy and the Global Order, From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance, Cambridge, neat BritainHonig, . (1993). Political Theory and the Displacement of Politics, N.Y.Rippe, K.-P. (2001). Ethikkommissionen in der deliberativen Demokratie, Kettner M. (Hrsg.), Angewandte Ethik als Politikum. Frankfurt

Does “Assassin’s Creed” Influence a Teen’s Mind Essay Example for Free

Does assassins creed Influence a Teens Mind EssayImagine a world where everything that happened was undergroundly controlled by a large organization of peck. Every day you ar constantly recorded and monitored. Everything that you do is secretly planned out in advance, yet you think that everything youre doing is by your own open will. Every bingle including your family, your friends, and the politics are all controlled by this organization, and you cant even tell. While you blithely and involuntarily follow the path planned out for you, some other organization is secretly and quietly trying to project a stop to the evil plans of the organization that wants to control your every move. This is the plotline of a very popular videogame cognise as Assassins assurance. Assassins Creed is a great game that has influenced and challenged peoples view on government and democracy. The game Assassins Creed influences peoples minds by making them think more outside the box, and by aiding there curiosity of confederacy theories.Assassins Creed take places in 2012, following the life of Desmond Miles, a bartender who is a descending(prenominal) of several Assassins. Although Desmond was raised as an Assassin, he fled his nomadic family to seek out a more super C lifestyle. While enjoying his freedom he is kidnapped by an evil company known as Abstergo Industries, the modern-day acquaint of the Knights Templar who are aware of Desmonds ancestry. Templars want to control everyone, and they believe in absolute order similar to totalitarianism. Desmond is pressure to use a device known as an Animus which allows him to experience his assassin ancestral memories. Abstergo is pursuance to discover the location of several artifacts, known as Pieces of Eden, in order to obtain great violence and control mankind and alter its fate, bringing humanity into a single unified sort out. Later Desmond escapes Abstergo due to the help of some modern-day Assassins who h e later ends up working with.Desmond uses their version of the Animus (Animus 2.0) to celebrate to re-live the memories of his ancestors and discover the locations of the Pieces of Eden before Abstergo can do so. Desmond relives the events of his Assassin ancestors who live in worlds full of chaos, injustice, and verifying captivity. Doesnt this seem similar to the way the world is today? Several countries have yet to try out a government system where people have a say in what they want the government to do for them. There are even more countries that have yet to abolish their governing laws on slavery. Our own government is hiding secrets from us (trying to protect us), yet causing more accidents and tragedies that could be avoided if provided we had access to their classified information. Assassins Creed is a completely made up story, exactly it has a lot of interesting and intuitive facts to its plot. In fact, the majority of it seems plausible, and many others within my age group seem to think the same after playing this game.Along with the several games that my peers play that can yoke to Assassins Creed, there are also several books that are similar. Assassins Creed got its inspiration from the novel Alamut written by a Slovenian writer Vladimir Bartol, which is what inspired most of the first games plot. Another story very similar to the plotline of Assassins Creed is The traveler written by John Twelve Hawks. The book takes place in the future and lays out a world where the power lies not with people or governments, but in the hands of a secret organization who call themselves the Brethren. Their enemies refer to them as the Tabula. The Tabula are an ancient secret society who thinks that control and perceptual constancy are an absolute necessity, similar to extreme Utilitarianism. The Tabula gets the majority of their influence from the ideas of philosopher Jeremy Bentham. The Tabula wish to enforce a virtual(prenominal) Panopticon which is a society where all individuals become accustomed to being watched and monitored and they act at all measure as if they are being observed making them more afraid to do immoral things.The Tabulas sole objective is to kill all Travelers. Travelers are people with the special ability to cross-over, which is often transmitted from an ancestor. Crossing-over can be defined as your spirit leaving your body and going off to another realm, and then returning. Upon this return, most Travelers would have experienced a different perspective of our world. Many Travelers become spectral prophets, or enemies of the Tabula who have hunted them or so to extinction. Harlequins are a warrior group sworn to defend the Travelers from the Tabula. The Harlequins are opposed to the Tabula, and the two sides spent centuries battle over control and power which allowed the Tabula to gain control and almost completely exterminate the Travelers and Harlequins.Despite the nobility and self-sacrifice of thei r cause, the Harlequins are cold and cruel figures who dedicate their lives to fighting and killing without remorse or hesitation. Sound familiar? Due to its graphic, plausible, and suspenseful storyline, Assassins Creed has become a big hit to gamers, historians, and conspiracy theorist alike causing them to have a current serial of five games in all, selling millions of copies worldwide. The series has been a big success and has won a scrap of awards. All of the Assassins Creeds make an adolescent see the world they live in differently. I wouldnt even have considered governmental control, Templars Tabula, or Assassins Harlequins as being realistic, but now Im starting to have second thoughts (I also know of several friends in the same give tongue to as me). Reading books similar to The Traveler and playing videogames similar to Assassins Creed makes one think a little more outside the box and take into consideration other conspiracy theories and stories.

How Media Affects Society Essay Example for Free

How Media Affects Society testifyThere are still so many spate that will insist that the images on TV and words and picture in news showpaper are not responsible for the problems of the society. The media is a good antecedent of information and entertainment. In this first section I will talk nearly how the media affect our awareness, experience, berth and behavior. You will see how the people turn to media to learn about Moral, Values and interpersonal relationship from the media. The media retrovert us a perception of various culture, religions and believes. These help the average person to identify him and others. It show how people live manage, what they believe in and describe the society. For example most media portrait most middle eastern Arabs as terrorist. They describe their focussings of life as not conform with the principle of democracy.But the virtue is we do not know anything about their belief. Most television viewers consider Arabs as terrorist becau se of the way they are portrait in the news. Heavy usage of these images may result in the cultivation of this perception. News that we get from certain media contradict the real society. You have to actually understand their religion and beliefs in company to make a statement about the person or the society. The media have a great nucleus on the society and in our life experience. We sometimes try to apply these concepts to our everyday life.Teenager like to watch TV shows about Love, fashion, Relationship, Violence, Speed and many other things when older people watch about Food, Health, workout, antiques and news from the world. Things in TOGO (West Africa) there is a TV show that airs every Thursday change surface at 8 oclock. when you go around all the houses in the country at that time everybody is sitting and watching that series. I do not recall the name of the series but it just magnificent how a simple TV show can gather so many people at the kindred time. This affect s everyone behaviors at that particular time.Media can be a great source of wisdom and knowledge but we should realize its impact on our society, our family ,our kid and our self. Media also causes people to have a controvert view on themselves affecting their self esteem. If you were watching tv or watching a photographic film chances are that the stars of those shows are going to be attractive, slim or muscular. I believe that this gives a disconfirming effect to teenagers who are still developing. By seeing this they think that they have to look and act the same as the people portrayed in these magazines or shows.

Cultural attitudes-Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Cultural attitudes-Mice and custody EssayThe following essay looks at the cultural attitudes and values expressed by the members of the ranch and society in Of mice and men by John Steinbeck, and how important it is to the main themes of the novella.The book was first published in nineteen thirty seven and is set during the great depression. Steinbeck based the story as his own experience as a bindle stiff.When looking at the relationship between men and women in the story, women are ignored. Curleys married woman is generally ignored, throughout the story. Curley and his married woman spend most of the cadence looking for each other as several points in the novel, Curleys wife asks Have you seen Curley? and vice versa for Curley. We are also able to see that the relationship between Curley and his wife isnt a particularly a romantic and loving one as in umteen part of the story we are able to see friction between the two a prime font of this universe when Curleys wife an grily and furiously replies to a order from Curley by saying You dont own me. conveyance to us how women were looked down upon during the time of the novella.Throughout the story, as a in a male emplacement Curleys wife would seem flirtatious among the men and seeming sexual and persuading the men into having a relationship with her. However, in the view of a female reader she would be simply trying to make friends and more as an attempt to socialize rather than an attempt to flirt as Curleys wife is lonesome. As Curleys wife herself states how lonely she feels on page 122 while in dialog with Lennie moments prior to her death I get lonely. I cant talk to nobody but Curley. Else he gets mad. Howd you like non to talk to anybody?We are therefore able to understand how men would treat their wives, with no obedience or dignity. The irony of the marriage of Curley and his wife is that they go looking for each other almost all the time and there is so many disputes in their relatio nship.Moreover,it also shows how lonely she is and also gives us an idea how women were generally treated during that period of time and also how ignored and isolated they were from society.On page 124 Curleys wife explains how she almost realized her dream of being a Hollywood actress.She said she met a guy, an was in the pitchersSays I was a natural. Soons he got back to Hollywood he was gonna write to me about it. Throughout the story Curleys wife wears a cotton red get dressed and wears make up due to her aspirations of being a Hollywood actress.In reality Curleys wife cant discover that some(prenominal) desired goal and most likely is never going to get there.Most importantly, Curleys wife is unable to meet her targets and achieve her ambitions simply because she is married to Curley. All she can do is just fantasize. The particular that she has to that just stay at home, cook, clean and go to bed with Curley is prevents her from reaching her potentially accomplishable d reams. This telling us that there was a lot of sexism involved in this period of time against women. Men could go out earn and do really whatever they like while women/wives had to stay at home and provide the men/husbands with their needs. Mens attitudes towards women were selfish.Curleys wife in the whole novella has to proper hit in which she is referred to. She is just referred to in the book and other characters as Curleys wife and not a name she has no identity in the novella. Women have no identity during this period of time, the fact the Curleys wife has no name to be referred to really displays the ignorance and unawareness towards Women.When examining possession and money in the novella, it is clear the Boss of the ranch who holds the laurels of wealth. The fact that he owns the ranch and has earned the wealth and business position he is in objurgate now is due to his own hard work.The irony with his son Curley, is that on the hierarchy of power he would be placed secon d highest behind his father he has not earned or not done anything in order to earn the power,money or respect. He is just inheriting it, he is the only when person in the novella to achieve success in this effortless manner. Attitudes towards money were that if you had inherited wealth, that you would stillness have it regardless whether you deserved it or not.In the novella there is hardly any respect towards the elderly. glass who is the oldest worker on the ranch and has lost one hand has only his dog as his companion, his dog is a parellel to him., they were both regarded as useless and redundant on the busy ranch. Carlson shows the disregard for him when he intends to kill Candys dog. Candy pleads with him and says Ive had him since he was a pup. Throughout the argument between Candy and Carlson regarding Candys dog,Candy constantly expresses how much he wants the dog and how badly he wants to keep him by mentioning No,I couldnt do that. I had im too long. Candy has no real power in this situation due to his power on the ranch,his injured outgrowth and old age.The fact the Carlson had in a matter of moments without even consideration taken away Candys only love and is only hope in his life shows the utter disregard and carelessness towards the elderly.Racism is seen in the novella as well. Crooks, who is the only African American is discriminated in many ways. He is referred to by his check with the name Crooks, due to his crooked back. Another term he is referred to is nigger due to his ethnicity, nigger which using the term nowadays could be a punishable offence. Crooks is separated from the rest of the ranch, he is made by the others to live in his own room.As a result this causes him to feel lonely as he mentions that A gut neades somebody to be near him and A guy goes nuts if he aint got nobody.The irony with Crooks that although he is discriminated, he is the only work member on the ranch to have his own privacy. Furthermore, despite his discr imination,

Health Management Plan for Smoker with Heart Disease

Health Management Plan for stag party with Heart DiseaseIntroductionCig artte smoke is still the leading cause of preventable finale in the developed world. In the UK it is estimated to cause serious illness in 4.5 million people and kills rough 300,000 people each year. Frieden estimates that it kills 5 million people in the world annu anyy. (Frieden et al. 2005)This essay allow for count the management plan for an idealised affected role who smokes and has recently been diagnosed with ischaemic heart disease. thither is a smashing deal of raise in the books which links dope with both increase incidence and increased morbidity and mortality in heart disease. (Molyneux et al. 2004). It appraises therefrom that every effort should be made to come along a affected role who smokes to quit at the first opportunity. There is approximately evidence to suggest that unmatchable of the optimum times to successfully persuade a patient to quit locoweed is when they gravel h ad a heater related health event. (Ferguson et al. 2003)In the context of this essay one quarter assume that, having safe been diagnosed with some form of heart disease, this would be an optimum time to instigate such an intervention.PathophysiologyCig bette grass is known to be a major health hazard. It is significantly implicated in virtu every(prenominal)y all aspects of both cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. (Missel et al. 2008). In terms of pathophysiology, cig artte smoking has an effect on all phases of the atherosclerotic process from the earliest detectable signs of endothelial dysfunction to clini cryy significant thrombotic clinical events. There appears to be little difference in the implications of active agent or passive smoking as the do appear to be largely dose (exposure) related. (Heiss et al. 2008). The mechanisms by which cigarette smoking exerts its pathological set up are complex, however it is known to increase inflammation, enhance the thromboti c processes and increases the oxidation of LDL cholesterol. Cigarette smoking increases the oxidative vehemence on the body. (OConnell et al. 2008). These smoking-specific effects are accumulative. And there is evidence to keep back the view that persuading a patient to slenderize his intake is beneficial, even though this is clearly non as beneficial as complete limit. (Wood-Baker 2002)Goals whatsoever management plan should ideally micturate goals. This does not imply that they allow for all be achieved, but all of the processes identified and activities embarked on should have the ideal goal as their ultimate target. In this feature gaucherie, one can define several goals which entrust assist in the process of smoking close and management of their heart disease.A) To ensure that the patient understands their condition.B) Empowerment and education of the patient so that they can enroll in their management plan with understanding and commitmentC) To assist the patient in the medical give-and-take of the acute phase of their condition.D) To rehabilitate the patient after the acute stages are stabilisedE) To engage with the patients carers (formal and informal) to optimise the patients return to healthF) To assist the patient to quit smokingG) To support the patient as they negotiate their illness trajectory.Clearly there whitethorn well be other goals that could be considered and may arise in specific cases. This essay however, is dealing with the generalised patient. These goals are and so designed to be applicable to the majority of cases of patients who smoke and have heart disease.AssessmentThe mind of a patient begins at the first point of contact. Information can be gleaned from many sources and should be appropriate to the presenting condition. Assessment should be holistic and thorough. In this specific case, one should make busy enquiries relating to factors that are relevant to the patients lifestyle (relevance to their heart disease ) and to their personal habits (relevance to their smoking pattern). One should pay particular attention to the factors that may make them wish to persist in their habit of smoking so that they can be specifically addressed when smoking finis is discussed. Targeted interventions are more likely to be efficacious than blanket ones. (Rigotti et al. 2004). In consideration of their heart disease, one should make specific enquiries in relation to their take and exercise habits as well as their willingness to participate in any proposed lifestyle change course of study that may be suggested.Interventions and broad nursing strategies.Clearly the term heart disease covers a legions of potential pathologies and it is not practical to consider specific interventions for all possibilities. In the context of this essay, one will consider broad strategies which are applicable to most situations.1) Encourage compliance with drug regimensDrugs are normally prescribed in association with hear t disease. They can be as part of a master(a) intervention such as controlling blood pressure (antihypertensives) or perhaps for improving cardiac output (digoxin) or for controlling secondary pathologies (viz. lipid lowering medication, diabetic treatment, anticoagulants).There is a case for use nicotine replacement medication. If this is the case then compliance with an appropriate dose and reducing regime will enhance the likelihood of success. (Parrott et al. 2004)The nurse can assist by encouraging the patient to comply with the regime. They may choose to do this by explaining to the patient why the various drugs are important and how they work or, if compliance is a persistent problem, by acting as the patients advocate and discussing with other healthcare professionals if alternative dosing regimes may assist compliance.2) Facilitate recovery from the illnessThis is a vast topic and will, to a large extent, be dependent on the disease process. Clearly the patient who has m odest hypertension will require quite different input from the patient who has just sustained a major myocardial infarction.In the acutely debilitated patient, the nurse will need to play a more active and practical role than with the ambulant and largely well patient. Because of the emphasis of this essay on smoking cessation one can specifically include this as a major task in this sphere of the management plan. The specific details and treatment options will be discussed later. There is evidence that by assisting the patient to quit smoking, this will directly assist in the recovery process from the heart disease. (Siahpush et al. 2003)3) Provide ablaze supportThis may be relevant in the patient who smokes primarily for reasons of anxiety or stress. exploration of the causative factors is clearly relevant if any targeted approaches are going to be trenchant. If the heart disease is freshly diagnosed, additional support may be required to help the patient adapt from a sensed wellness role to an illness role. (Roy. 1991). In this segment one should note that there is some clue that the anxiety sometimes caused by the process of smoking cessation can be counter-productive to the treatment of some forms of heart disease. There does not appear to be a strong evidence base to support this intuitive view however. (Sullivan et al. 2007)4) Prevent the diseaseIt is known that patients who have smoked will always have a higher lifetime risk of disease than those who have never smoked. Absolute prevention is therefore not possible. Patients who smoke and are then persuaded to stop, can reduce their risks very considerably. It is known that patients who stop smoking will reduce their risks of myocardial infarction by 50% in the first year of smoking cessation. (Prescott et al. 1998)Expected outcomeOne can hope to assist the majority of patients to quit smoking. To a degree, one has to accept that there will always be a resistant nucleus of individuals who will (fo r whatever reason) simply not give up. It is not possible to predict, in advance of the intervention, which patients will be in the group that eventually revertings, therefore all patients should be helped equally aggressively. If one considers the results of the Hilleman trial, one is faced with the rare prospect that in a study of post CABG patients (who one might assume had the superlative incentive to quit smoking) a staggering 84% were back smoking within 10 weeks of the function despite a huge input of anti smoking propaganda. (Hilleman et al. 2004)Patient empowerment and educationA number of sources highlight patient empowerment and education as one of the prime predictors in a positive decision to quit smoking. (viz. Edwards 2004). If a patient understands the reasoning behind why they are creation asked to undertake a health programme they are more likely to comply with it. Education is therefore one of the major factors in the various programmes designed to help patie nts give up smoking. Empowerment is other prime factor. Many studies have highlighted the need to stress self-belief in the patient and that the degree of self-belief equates strongly with a positive result. (viz. Miller et al. 2003) ingest cessationA brief overview of the literature on smoking cessation will indicate that the subject is vast and that many different approaches have been tried with varying degrees of success. It is not appropriate to consider all of the various options, but this essay will cover those that appear to have the greatest reported degrees of success. Fung considered interventions that were suitable for hospitalised patients and of the four different regimes trialed, found that a regime which incorporated personal counselling to identify risk factors for smokingMaintenance, individualising advice about quitting, involving patients in education measures (particularly exploration of the health effects and the benefits of quitting), was the most powerful. (Fung et al. 2005). The authors also make the comment that the single most effective strategy was to get the smoker to adopt specific coping strategies such as disassociating the act of smoking from their normal daily bend and habits. They were asked not to smoke inside the home or inside the car, not to smoke with coffee or when reading or directly after a meal. Encouraging the family and friends to support them was the next most effective strategy. (Town et al. 2000)Many authorities advocate the use of nicotine replacement therapy (viz. Sullivan et al. 2007). Currently this is available in several presentations with the transcutaneous patches appearing to give the best rates of prolonged abstinence (about double that of placebo). Even the best results from trials however, do not give a success rate above 35% with the majority giving results in the region of about 20% abstinence at six months. (Hilleman et al. 2004)Follow upBecause of the high relapse rate in smoking cessation pro grammes, follow up is an essential part of the management plan. The literature is full of various follow up strategies ranging from time intensive home follow ups to phone call contacts. It would appear that no one particular form of follow up is significantly more effective than any other. It has been found that any form of follow up is more effective than no follow up at all.ConclusionsThe evidence base to link cigarette smoking and heart disease is unchallengeable. Advising and helping a patient who has demonstrable heart disease to give up the habit is almost sure enough going to have a beneficial effect on their long term health. In reaching this conclusion, one should not loose sight of the fact that there is a substantial failure rate. any management plan to encourage the patient who smokes to quit, should make use of targeted interventions with follow up and consider using the approaches with optimum outcomes in order to achieve the best achievable response.References Ed wards, R (2004) The problem of tobacco smoking. BMJ 328, 217 219Ferguson, J A, Patten, C A, Schroeder, D R, et al (2003) Predictors of 6-month tobacco abstinence among 1224 cigarette smokers treated for nicotine dependence. Addict Behav 2003 28, 1203 1218Frieden T R, Blakeman D E. (2005) The Dirty Dozen 12 Myths That Undermine Tobacco Control. American Journal of normal Health . kinfolk 2005, Vol 95, No. 9 1500 1505Fung P R, Snape-Jenkinson S L, Godfrey M T, Love K W, Zimmerman P V (2005) persuasiveness of Hospital-Based Smoking Cessation Chest. 2005 128 216 223.Heiss C, N. Amabile, A. C. Lee, W. M. Real, S. F. Schick, D. Lao, M. L. Wong, S. Jahn, F. S. Angeli, P. Minasi, et al. (2008) Brief secondhand smoke exposure depresses endothelial progenitor cells activity and endothelial function sustained vascular injury and blunted nitric oxide production. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 6, 2008 51 (18) 1760 1771.Hilleman D E, Mohiuddin S M, Packard K A (2004) Comparison of Conser vative and Aggressive Smoking Cessation Treatment Strategies Following coronary thrombosis Artery Bypass Graft Surgery. Chest. 2004 125 435 438.Miller, M, Wood, L (2003) Effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions review of evidence and implications for best practice in Australian health care settings. Aust N Z J Public Health 2003 27 300 309Missel E, G. S. Mintz, S. G. Carlier, J. Qian, S. Shan, C. Castellanos, R. Kaple, S. Biro, M. Fahy, J. W. Moses, et al. (2008) In vivo virtual histology intravascular ultrasound correlates of risk factors for sudden coronary cobblers last in men results from the prospective, multi-centre virtual histology intravascular ultrasound registry Eur. Heart J., July 2, 2008 (2008) ehn 293 v1.Molyneux, A Nicotine replacement therapy. BMJ 2004 328 454 456OConnell E D, J. M Nolan, J. Stack, D. Greenberg, J. Kyle, L. Maddock, and S. Beatty (2008) Diet and risk factors for age-related maculopathy. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2008 87 (3) 712 722.Parrott, S, Godfrey, C (2004) Economics of smoking cessation. BMJ 2004 328 947 949Prescott E, Hippe M, Schnohr P, Hein H O, Vestbo J. (1998) Smoking and risk of myocardial infarction in women and men longitudinal population study. BMJ 1998 316 1043 1047Rigotti, N A, Munafo, M R, Murphy, M F G, et al (2004) Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients (Cochrane suss out). The Cochrane Library. Issue 3, 2004 John Wiley Sons. Chichester, UKRoy C (1991) An Adaption model (Notes on the Nursing theories Vol 3) OUP London 1991Siahpush, M, Borland, R, Scollo, M (2003) Factors associated with smoking cessation in a national sample of Australians. Nicotine Tob reticuloendothelial system 2003 5 597 602Sullivan K M, Seed S E, DeBellis R J. (2007) State of the Art Reviews Smoking Cessation. A Review of Treatment Considerations . American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, Vol. 1, No. 3, 201 213 (2007)Town, G I, Fraser, P, Graham, S, et al (2000) Establishment of a smoking cessation programme in primary and secondary care in Canterbury. N Z Med J 2000 113 117 119Wood-Baker, R (2002) Outcome of a smoking cessation programme run in a spot hospital setting. Intern Med J 2002 32 24 283.8.08 Word count 2,503 PDG

Environmental Degradation: Causes and Effects

Environmental Degradation Causes and Effects admissionThesis statement and Purpose statementno(prenominal)adays, the training of urbanization, which makes concentrated human population and habitat in small argonas, has occurred at a very quick pace. urban standard of live has risen most on the basis of technical innovations and changes in social structure. However, at the same era, there is a widespread concern about unsustainable city development and root word due to the inequality between the progress and the environmental threat (Boyce, 1994, 18). The economic development brings both prosperity for hatful and damage to the environment, which includes snap, wet and soil pollution. Lovejoy (1993, p.125) argued this parking lot occurrence is rampantly increasing all over the world, particular in developing countries. With limited time and resources, this paper will explore some common features of urban environmental degradation based on the authors experiences and geogra phical perspectives of Vietnam.The aim of this paper is to identify what urban environmental degradation is, and then understand the reasons and do of this come to the fore. From this basis, the research will refer to some assumptions and implications of refreshful(prenominal) authors work and examples before suggesting some possible solutions to check the sustainability for new urban developments as easily as the environment.Definition of urban environmental degradation perception of an environmental degradation is essential for the focal point of urban environment. Hackett (1993, pg. 116) writes that urban degradation is a result of the rapid growth in urban population and industrialization which causes many negative impacts on the urban trimscapes and living quality of cities, such(prenominal) as poor quality housing, inadequate infrastructure and industrial pollution. Simultaneously, some factors hard affect the environment as well as the balance of nature.According to Bolay et al. (1997, p. 185), urban environmental hassles such as air and water system pollution and solid wastes atomic number 18 fitting more serious in developing countries, and Vietnam in particular. Most cities in Vietnam allow a high level of population assiduousness compared to other countries in the world. at that place are, for example, more than 23,000 inhabitants per square kilometers in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC). The paucity of infrastructure and urban services in those cities has become alarming, which has led to the city amenities not beingness able to meet the enormous population demand (Bolay et al. (1997, p. 189)). Therefore, pollution of surface and underground water, soil and air by households and production has sum upd roughly these days. It is expected that the Government would take aim immediate measures in this issue by identifying and suggesting possible solutions to reduce these effects in order to improve the quality of the urban environmental.As ca n be seen in the Figure 1, urbanized area in HCMC has been expanding rapidly in the ancient five years. The population has roughly increased in the fringe areas of HCMC, while decreased in the city center (particular in District 1, 3 the centre Business district (CBD)) from 1999. This partly reflects the changes in the land prices. Higher land prices in the city center are affecting population decrease in that area and population increase in suburban areas. Besides, we can predict that the housing development of HCMC would increase in the West and Northwest directions and start occurring in East and South directions in the next go years.Problem analysisUrbanization causes an overload on infrastructure, particularly in road network, water put up systems and drainage. As Lovejoy (1993, p. 126) referred, the sudden increase in population puts the city under pressure of basic infrastructure demand. There are many requirements for the expanding urban areas, rising food, water and inf rastructure quality as well as offering more jobs. To cater for these demands, industrial companies have to increase products and exploit resources as richly as possible. This creates many environmental problems because the natural resources and urban amenities are limited (Satterthwaite, 2009, p. 546).The major problem of urban degradation is air and water pollution. In urbanized cities, air and water pollution is generally emitted through industrial activities, especially from the production of electricity generated by fossil fuels. Transportation, households, hospitals, laboratories and pesticide used for crops are also responsible for the release of these pollutants into the environment (Satterthwaite, 2009, p. 546-547). Consequently, this dumping of dangerous waste on open sites produces poisoned air and water probably makes people living around the site suffer from diseases simultaneously increasing the incidence of allergies and other symptoms.In HCMC, due to the progress of urbanization, the quality of air and water gradually decrease these years. It can be seen from Figure 2, since 2003, the index of air pollutions has dropped dramatically and the water quality has been below the standard of Vietnam (TCVN). Especially, because the city residents are accustomed to using motorbike, the emissions from motor vehicles contribute high concentrations of air pollutants and ingest. Therefore, pollutions from traffic congestion are becoming one of the most serious environmental issues in HCMC.In addition, urbanization causes population density and increases the demands on urban amenities. Lovejoy (1993, p. 124) states most new dwelling places have no civic facilities, such as water supply, drainage, roads People living in these places discharge rubbish and dirty water directly to bring and rivers as they used to in rural areas. This condition leads to establish the new slums with many environmental and social problems.There are two basic reasons for the d isordered urbanization for the past few years which engage the roles of local Government and residents. The first reason is the lack of specific urban purposening. The urban planning management is rather passive and mainly depends on experiences (Lovejoy, 1993, p. 124). In many countries, local governments do not cut exactly what the function of a specific land will be and how to control this issue effectively. Investor demands but meet government approval, and even worse, several projects have not been able to persuade local residents to fancy and be carried out (Satterthwaite, 2009, p. 559). The other factor is the awareness of society about environment problems. Majority of residents are just aware of the visual environmental problems in short-term such as noise pollutions and smoke while the solid wastes and underground water pollutions are actually the elements destroying the natural systems in long-term. As a result, it is necessary to establish more and more education p rograms for citizens in attempt to rise the understanding of community in the quality of urban environment (Bolay et al. (1997, p. 192).SolutionsIn my point of view, to improve the living quality and sort out the environmental degradation, the government should establish a comprehensive planning system which includes socio-economic development plan, urban twist plan and land use plan. Planning should regulate where it is appropriate to have certain functions located, where it is necessary to have waste disposal sites or green areas and where is suitable to build industrial zones Besides, urban planning should take into account many other factors such as infrastructure and relevant works, making it favorable for development of an area where urbanization is taking place. As an illustration, Figure 3 shows an example of land use plan which respects the natural principles and probably leads to a sustainable development area.An establishment of laws, regulations and guidelines is also necessary in implementation of the Urban Master plans in each level, such as General plans and Detailed plans. For example, policy makers should establish specific socio-economic characteristics in each local area in order to make new and specific policies for urbanizing areas, which should be different from policies for districts already urbanized. Besides, apply indirect tools such as economic measures, including penalties that a production or company have to pay whenever it causes pollution, is also useful in avoiding the increase of urban environmental degradation.ConclusionsUrbanization has clearly caused impacts on the city economic structure, especially in urbanized areas. There are positive changes in many social aspects. There is also environmental deterioration and pollution. If people are not noticed and properly solved, this issue will result in extremely consequences and cause negative impacts on the citys urban sustainable development.ReferencesBolay, J.C Cartoux, S Cunha, A Du, T.T.N Bassand, M 1997, Sustainable Development and Urban Growth Precarious Habitat and Water Management in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam, Habitat INTL., Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 185-197, Elsevier Science, viewed 14 Dec 2009,.Boyce, J-K 1994, Inequality as a Cause of Environmental Degradation, Ecological Economics, vol. 11, pp. 1-20, Political thriftiness Research Institute, viewed 12 Dec 2009,.Chiapponi, M 1992, Environmental management and planning The role of spatial and blase scales, Ekistics 356-357, pp. 306-310.Hackett, B 1993, A landscape basis for planning, Ekistics 360 361, pp. 116-118.Lovejoy, D 1993, The vital role of the landscape architect in solving environmental problems, Ekistics 360 361, pp. 124 126.Satterthwaite, D 2009, The implications of population growth and urbanization for climate change, Environment and Urbanization 2009, vol. 21, pp. 545, Sage, viewed 17 Dec 2009,http//eau.sagepub.com

Future Trends in Operations Management

time to come Trends in Opearned run averagetions focal pointA key feature of the true chore environment is the idea that supplement arranges compete, not companiesIt has become comm exactly recognized that a companys survival is primarily a question of its competitiveness. At the heart of it is the regular need to fastly gravel and capture the leading market positions. Modern economic conditions force commercees to provide the eminentest level of customer ecstasy by performing perfect consumer service, delivering a wide variety of step products in shorter lead piece of music and at a reasonable cost. This creates incredible opportunities for individual consumers and puts great pressures on companies to seek for the in the raw vogues to appeal consumers. Other that that, contemporary stemma environment generates a huge level of uncertainty to managers of tot eithery levels and urges them to be able to sense all the qualifyings and action the right and timely mea sures to be successful. This uncertainty may come from government decisions, customers and consumers, shargonholders that select change magnitude return from what they invest into business. This is how Dennis McCarthy and Dr. Nick Rich describe stream business situation in their book on business-led changes called fragile TPMThe new competitive conditions are uttermost removed from those of the past and challenge strategies such that we can no longer assume thatPast business success is a guarantee of future survivalProduct patens go away protect a producer from competitionBuying the latest technology will provide a room of defense against competition.engineering or products by themselves are not enough to guarantee survival (McCarthy and Rich, 2004).Clearly, as a consequent of the new abbreviates and new economic realities managing physical processs and deliver cosmic string has become extremely complex and challenging.We take that the list of the key pressures that t hese authors outline in their book to describe modern economic conditions not only perfectly well describes challenges facing the world to twenty-four hours, however also gives a good insight into how these may effect summate chain in particular, including its digit, management and future business integration. According to McCarthy and Rich they imply 1. New and emerging manufacturing economies with low labour costs areattracted to mature Western markets w present they can sour their costadvantage.The power of the internet in purchasing materials and components on a global scale and consequently access to alternative suppliers has increased exponentially. As such, power has shifted to the customer/consumer.Deregulation of world markets has resolutioned from international trade agreements and this has liberated trade and increased competition for manufacturers.Corporations concord the ability to switch production.Pressure groups and lobbyists seeking to refuse prices or co nvince the manufacturer to improve their performance in areas such as environmental management.Shareholders who conduct a year on year improvement in the returns on their money invested and constantly the liken these returns with what their money could earn elsew here.Customers expect product variety, continuously improving quality levels, lead time diminution and want their stocks reduced (McCarthy and Rich, 2004).Benita M. Beamon also adds to this list extreme climate change as one of the meaty factors that will also effect future world business configuration since its change would threaten transportation infrastructures, immanent resources supply including the constrained supply of natural energy and raw materials as such, and would change overall human behavior patterns which as a result will drastically influence the ability to supply worldwide (Beamon, 2008).Although operations and supply chain management is often seen as merely routine activities, it is and then gen uinely sensitive to almost all business changes and, therefore, beautifuly regarded now as one of the tiny business concerns and has the precession in managing the organization. This is why we chose to reflect on the above mentioned trends to study their effect on the supply chain and operations and, thus, track current and future challenges in this area.1. It is now obvious that the world economy has faced large structural changes in recent old age on the way to bring businesses to to a greater extent international basis. There can hardly be found now any operation that does not sell to or buy from foreign markets. Globalization of businesses has significantly accelerated, resulting in new challenges for companies on the global market. Sixth annual survey performed by PRTM Management Consultants showed that respondents consistently rank acceleration of supply chain globalization as a top priority over the next several days concluding that the primary shift of manufacturing and assembly operations has been to low cost country destinations including China, India and Eastern europium (2008). It can be summarized that expansion of operations supply chain to cover the whole world notwithstanding stays number one trend due to its cost reduction opportunities and, therefore, puts additional challenges to cope with these increased pressures. With that in mind, product quality and safety as well as supply chain spoken language and security become the main concern for organizations globalizing their supply chains, thus, providing additional business risks.2. Number two trend logically follows from the business expansion to improve global performance and flexibility companies seek for the alternative ways to control operations, fasten processes, and simplify procedures. Increased pressures are also put on them to improve coordination and arrive at overall integration with suppliers and customers. Internet, e-commerce, e-procurement and other web- themed applic ations offer major cost savings and advantages. Simon R. Croom studied the positive effectuate of e-business strategy implementation on supply chain management. In his research cede mountain chain Management in the E-Business Era the following advantages were outlinedNew e-business infrastructures offer a wider range of activities within supply chain, e.g. electronic marketplaces including larger numbers of buyers and sellersIncreased use of electronic methods for searching and sourcing which reduces coordination costs and increase the counterbalance of economic activities coordinated by markets, companies are encouraged to use more(prenominal) out-sourcing, low coordination costs will also enable companies to buy goods and services less expensivelyInformation processing is reduced supererogatory opportunities provided by the use of E-procurement. Its advantages include greater visibility of the procurement process, ameliorate management of maintenance, repair and run supplie s, improved stock management, better learning for purchasing decision-making, supply base reduction followed by the change of the supply chains structure, significant efficiency gains with the attention to the role and development of purchasing as a core capability of the organization, it also provides a powerful platform from which to exploit the organizations strategic leverage and get major total supply chain cost improvements (Croom, 2001).3. Number three trend, we believe, is another logical result of the two mentioned above rapid growth of new nurture technologies raised the issue of accumulated information and knowledge management. Accumulation of knowledge relates to both customer relationship formation and product innovation process. At the heart of this pattern is the recognition of the fact that knowledge is the key driver of the value-adding processes. It has been fairly noted by the theorists of operations management that the way in which products or services were created was not random they were the product of a whole collection of decisions and actions based on an even larger collection of knowledge (Slack, Chambers, Johnston, 2007). So, it is obvious that the concept of knowledge management will significantly influence the future development of operations and supply chain management as it provides the expertise that underpins companys competitive advantage.4. Trend number four, that needs to be discussed in more detail, from our point of view, and should be grouped into a separate trend is that of the future integration of the supply chain and future development in such areas as business-to-business, business-to-customer and customer-to-customer relationships. It is so evident now, in the new era that the supply chain has become more connected and integrated that ever before due to the rapid growth of new information technologies, web-based applications and other alternative communication means. Companies constantly seek for developing ne w creative ways to communicate with suppliers, customers and consumers. It especially relates to service-based and product-based supply chain. On-line ordering, availability 24 hours a day, septenary days a week, great variety of products and services, no issues with transportation and so on, all this has drastically improved the efficiency of the supply chain. Customers are also encouraged to communicate with each other by means of widespread affectionate networks blogs, forums, portals which allows instant information sharing. solely this, we believe, will keep on changing the way in which the supply chain operates towards increased capacities and efficiencies of the supply chain.5. some other trend that can not be mentioned with all reflected earlier is the problem of environmental responsibility and sustainability or green supply chain. Opinions of researchers differ here in weather it will be the result of the state legislation compliance and customer requirements or it wil l be one of the effective ways to improve companys image and reputation. Our consideration is that it will be both. No need to deny that the pressures from the legislation are increasing which urges almost all companies to put in place relevant environmental management. The concept of waste management has also gained popularity in recent years as it implies waste reduction that in all its forms significantly saves cost for the organization which conventionally coincides here with environmental responsibility. We can already see that companies keep back got started large campaigns towards recyclable materials application, new product design to consider their life cycle beyond their traditional shelf-life to extract more value from precious natural resources, reduction of energy and water phthisis, use of alternative fuels and many other. It is obvious that the concept of environmental responsibility will take the key role in day-to-day operations management decisions and every day practices due to its great economic potential for the firm.We think that this list can be continued with more and more trends and business challenges, however, from our point of view these 5 give the all-embracingest picture of what to expect from the environment in which we exist. It reflects the key processes that both companies and each of us as a consumer is involved on the daily basis. We impart identified some of the challenges and complexities that are characteristic of operations and supply chain today and yield move to analyze these to possibly see their future development. It is obvious that uncertainty and complexity will still be the main characteristics of the global business environment in the future. However, managers will have the advantage of the emerging information and communication technologies that will provide real time data to support operational decision-making and will help to improve efficiency of processes in the area of the use of resources, materials handling and product design.Question 2In the second part of the assignment I will compare the company that I work for with the performed literary works critical review and based on this comparison will outline its main competitive advantages.I have been working for Nestl for 6 years, starting from the small water factory just acquired by the confederacy. I worked as an Interpreter then, macrocosm heavily involved in the translation of the Group policies, specifications, guidelines and instructions, which the factory was going to implement to meet worldwide Nestl standards. I believe it is an excellent example that reflects all challenges and perplexities of the modern business conditions.With its home base in Vevey, Switzerland Nestl was founded in 1866 by Henri Nestl and is today the worlds leading nutrition, health and wellnesscompany. It employs around 280000 people and have factories or operations in almost every country in the world. The list of products includes over 127 000 items of various types and sizes. This complexity, therefore, is the main characteristic of its supply chain. Managing thousands of supply chains in many countries, controlling invoicing of customers and collecting payments, predicting demand and tracking stocks all this at some point put the Company in a very risky situation which required such a solution that would put order in all this variety. So, the Company, had undertaken steps towards the implementation of GLOBE, or the Global Business Excellence model aimed at creating a bingle system to simplify and unify the way to manage supply chain and operate such functions, like purchasing and invoicing. The implementation of this model has provided not only an excellent tool to optimize operational cost, but also has served as a key driver for generating business value by creating a finale of continuous excellence, collaboration and support both cross functionally and between various operations worldwide.It is indeed true tha t the implementation of GLOBE taught the Company to operate as a global market player. Another thing that the Company claims that has helped it to sustain in the times of turbulence and uncertainty is its strict compliance with the Company Corporate Business Principles that say Nestls existing products grow through innovation and renovation while maintaining a balance in geographic activities and product lines. Long-term potential is never sacrificed for short-term performance. The Companys priority is to bring the best and most relevant products to people, wherever they are, whatever their needs, throughout their lives (Appendix, 4). It is always stressed, however, that the Companys main business principle is the conviction that to have long-term success for their shareholders, all the operations not only have to comply with all applicable legal requirements and ensure that all the activities are sustainable, but additionally have to create significant value for society(Appendix, 2 ).Other things that the Company claims to be the basis of its culture and is considered to be the requirement part of its long-term established reputation are of course its quality assurance and product safety. The quality policy says Nestl strives to create value that can be sustained over the long term by meeting consumer needs for nutrition, enjoyment and Quality they can trust (Appendix, 7). This is achieved through no waste locating and continuous improvement of the quality standards delivered to consumers. Adequate recourses, equipment, procedures and systems, trainings and teamwork play the major role in the implementation of high standards and achievement of excellence and competitiveness. All functions across the Value Chain are fully responsible for observe mandatory principles, norms and instructions, for maintaining agreed Quality standards and for constantly improving them is another essential postulate of the Quality polity (Appendix, 7).Consumer communication is also considered within the Company as the key indicator of all ongoing activities. All opinions, complaints and shortcomings are analyzed and serve as a tool for immediate correction and improvement if needed. Nestl Consumer communication theory Principles state the Companys cargo to responsible, reliable consumer communication that empowers consumers to exercise their right to informed choice and promotes healthier diets (Appendix, 3).It is fair to note that supplier and consumer relations are an important part of the Companys vision on creating shared value. Doing business in the way that requires from the Companys contractors, subcontractors and their employees to demonstrate honesty, integrity and fairness in the same way that the Company itself is demonstrating its commitment to its consumers. Supplier Code specifies these principles and helps their implementation within all suppliers and their community. By accepting these, suppliers take the responsibility of being complian t with the core principles of business integrity, sustainability, labor standards, safety and health, environment and other. Implementation of the vendor data base has helped to track and manage its suppliers in accordance with the Company principles and values.One other concept that has been in revolve about in recent years is that of environmental management and sustainability aimed at improvement of environmental performance, operations activities in this area, risk and cost reduction, long-term availability of raw materials and water. In its Environmental Policy the Company states At all stages of the product life cycle we strive to use natural resources efficiently, favour the use of sustainably-managed renewable resources, and target zero waste(Appendix, 6). Target areas for improvement initiatives include application of a life cycle blast with systematic assessments of all activities across the Value Chain, effective water resources management to provide a everyday mytholo gy to measure water footprint of products, processes and organizations, reduction of gas omissions from its operations through proper energy consumption management, switching to renewable sources and transport and distribution initiatives with focus on green fleet and optimization of the distributions schemes and packaging, voidance of wastes in all operations through the Value Chain with the goal of zero waste and full recovery of unavoidable by products (Appendix, 6).The list of initiatives that Nestl has undertaken can be much longer that these. However, we believe that these are the main ones that reflect the Companys vision on doing business and on the way it adds value to all its activities to at long last sustain and prosper in times of uncertainty and risk. As it is seen from our study it closely coincides with the literature review that we performed to define the major challenges and future trends in operations and supply chain management. This study proves the fact that constant development and applications of advanced information and communication technologies, focus on the development of relationships with both consumers and suppliers, expansion of the social responsibility with attention to environmental issues, social activities will be the main value-adding factors and efficient tools against business risks and uncertainties.REFERENCESBeamon B.M.(2008). Sustainability and the Future of Supply Chain Management. Industrial Engineering, University of Washington.Christopher M. (1992) Logistics and Supply Chain Management. First edition. London Financial TimesCroom S.R. (2001) Supply Chain Management in the E-Business Era. An investigation into Supply Chain Strategies, Practices and Progress in E-Business Adoption.McCarthy D., Rich N. 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