What role does the landscape play in contributing to three Australian E

In this essay I will consider the graphemes of city and country in three shortstop stories Water Them Geraniums by Henry Lawson, Short-Shift Saturday by Gavin Casey, and Trees Can Speak by Alan Marshall. I will argue through contributing to character development, they provide cleverness into the construction of contempory Australian identity. In Water Them Geraniums the outback is shown to be an emasculating force, particularly for women, that strips away their humanity until they function in a mechanical way to stick up off the land. In Short-Shift Saturday the narrator is a product of an inherited colonial culture and imagines that it is the alien landscape and culture in which he lives that is the agent of his suffering. In reality, the countryside is used as a device to allow pathetic fallacy, reflecting the emotional state of the main protagonist. In Trees Can Speak the main character is the embodiment of the land and demonstrates the desirable state of being in harmony wi th the bush. I will put forward that across these three stories, the relationship between the characters and their environment is used to chart a period of progression from English myths and ideals onto the emergence of an Australian identity.At the start of Water Them Geraniums, Joe Wilson and his wife Mary are in the process of moving out to land near Laheys Creek, where they intend to take up a selection. The path they are riding along is a dreary, hopeless track with no horizon and gnarled and stunted trees in every direction .This track is a metaphor for the path their life unneurotic has taken. It is the dry season of their marriage. The couple occupy got out of the habit of talking to each other and no longer have any plans for the future. Something that is emphasized as important to characters who live in the bush and stay sane, is having something to timbre forward to. As Joe saysShepherds and boundary riders, who are alone for months, must have their periodical spree, at the nearest shanty, else theyd go raving madthe yearly or half-yearly spree is the only thing theyve got to look forward to it keeps their minds fixed on something definite ahead.The fact that the horizon Joe and Mary are riding toward has nothing on it, is a bad omen for their mental, emotional and physical health. It indicates that it is the lack of anything to look forward to in the changeles... ...interaction with others according to social convention whilst their husbands do not. They are also disgusted by displays of uncouth behaviour. In both stories the countryside is viewed in adversary to the city and is seen as isolated, a agency where people are distanced from civilisation and therefore, no place for a woman. Both Henry Lawson and Gavin Casey conclude that, if they have lived anywhere else, they react badly to a domain where the physical ability to survive on the land is the primary requirement of settlers, or a place without the culture they had been used to. The countryside is a place where what was needed for eking out an existence from natural resources were male traits, and therefore men played a pivotal role in forging the Australian way of life and in making it distinct from European traditions. The male characters in all the stories have a fast(a) connection to the land. Whether the land nurtures or thwarts them, their experience of working on it leads them to respect it. The land is therefore instrumental in building a common guts of empathy among men and in dividing them from women, as the two sexes are removed from each others experience and concerns.

Why the French Revolution was Just :: essays research papers

Louis exclaimed Why, this is a revolt. No Sire, replied the duke, It is a revolution. These words were uttered by the duke and King Louis XVI when the peasants revolted into the Bastille. You may ask did the peasants have a right to do this to the king and the country of France. Yes, the peasants had a right and this is why the French Revolution was just. The 3rd estate was gravely in poverty, even to the extent of on the doorstep of death. The poverty was so severe it can be considered fatal. The king treated the 3rd estate like crap. The 3rd estate was levyed heavily and was left athirst(p) most of the time. Food was scarce and most of the time people were fighting even for the smallest toss out of food. The 3rd estate was forced into poverty so severely that they had no other option except to revolt and start a revolution, known as the French Revolution. A main reason why by and large peasants and people in the 3rd estate fought over food was because of the winter of 1788-178 9. During this time, France experienced a heavy drought and much of the wheat and yeast employ to bake bread was destroyed. This left a scarcity of the most eaten food in all of France. The price of bread soared over 600% what it used to be. A tarry of bread would be about $600 in time. This lead to an increase of crime and theft. This left m either people hungry and starving. There were constant brawls and fights over scraps of bread. Louis XVI and Maria Antoinette ate all the bread they want. They did not give a darn about any of the people starving and begging for any kind of food outside their luxurious castle. They just sat there wasting funds and eating all they want. This lead the 3rd estate downward a road they had been before. The ?slaves? of the king and the tax payers. Taxes were so severe that the 3rd estate could hardly keep up. The king charged the 3rd estate with tax after tax. He taxed them just for they could spend it on some other ridiculous item for themselves . The king knew that the 3rd estate didn?t have the money to spare on taxes, but King Louis XVI did not care. Unfortunately, the taxes were put on the people who had the least amount of money, when the taxes should have been put on everyone in France in an equal way.

The Pathogenesis of Down’s Syndrome Essay -- Science Medical Genetics

The Pathogenesis of graduates Syndrome Downs syndrome (DS) is the most common rush of cordial retardation in the United States. It occurs with a frequency of one in 700 get it on births. The disease is pillowcased by the presence of three copies of chromosome 21 as a result of chromosomal mutation (95% nondisjunction, 5% translocation) during cell division, leading to a summarise of 47 chromosomes instead of the normal number, 46. There are no individuals with the clinical signs of DS who do non have at least partial trisomy of chromosome 21. Conversely, there are no cases of people with trisomy 21 who do not have DS (Patterson, 1987). Patients take over from a variety of physical and mental problems. Physically, the disease manifests itself in epicanthic folds of the eyes, flattened facial features, unusual palm creases, muscular limpness and short stature (Patterson, 1987). Many are born with congenital heart defects and increased endangerment for cataracts, leukemia and Alzheimers disease. In addition to the anatomical insaneities, DS patients suffer from biochemical imbalances including elevated levels of purines - a condition that can by itself lead to neurological impairment, mental retardation, and immunodeficiencies. The life expectancy for DS patients is approximately 30 years. However, with travel medical care and therapy more patients are living to the age of 50. All individuals with DS over the age of 35 develop the same kind of abnormal microscopic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain as people who die from Alzheimers disease, the major cause of presenile dementia. Although a vast amount of literature exists on DS, micro is known about why the presence of an extra chromosome causes mental retardation. In addition to ... ...ogy and observational Neurology, 49 509-518. Ferrer, I., Gullotta, F. (1990) Downs Syndrome and Alzheimers Disease dendritic Spine Counts in the Hippocampus. Acta Neuropathol, 79 680--685. Mann, D. M. A., Brown, A., Prinja, D., Davies, C. A., Landon, M., Masters, C. L., Beyreuthers, K. (1989) An Analysis of the Morphology of Senile Plaques in Downs Syndrome Patients of Different Ages Using Immunocytochemical and Lectin Histochemical Techniques. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, 15 317-329. Patterson, D. (1987) The Causes of Down Syndrome. scientific American, 255 52-60. Takashima, S., Ieshima, A., Nakamura, H., Becker, L. (1989) Dendrites, Dementia and the Down Syndrome. Brain Development, 11 131-133. Wisniewski, K., Bobinski, M. (1991) Hypothalamic Abnormalities in Down Syndrome. The Morphogenesis of Down Syndrome., 153-167. The Pathogenesis of Downs Syndrome Essay -- Science Medical Genetics The Pathogenesis of Downs Syndrome Downs syndrome (DS) is the most common cause of mental retardation in the United States. It occurs with a frequency of one in 700 live births. The disease is caused by the presence of three copies of chromosome 21 as a result of chr omosomal mutation (95% nondisjunction, 5% translocation) during cell division, leading to a total of 47 chromosomes instead of the normal number, 46. There are no individuals with the clinical signs of DS who do not have at least partial trisomy of chromosome 21. Conversely, there are no cases of people with trisomy 21 who do not have DS (Patterson, 1987). Patients suffer from a variety of physical and mental problems. Physically, the disease manifests itself in epicanthic folds of the eyes, flattened facial features, unusual palm creases, muscular flaccidity and short stature (Patterson, 1987). Many are born with congenital heart defects and increased risk for cataracts, leukemia and Alzheimers disease. In addition to the anatomical abnormalities, DS patients suffer from biochemical imbalances including elevated levels of purines - a condition that can by itself lead to neurological impairment, mental retardation, and immunodeficiencies. The life expectancy for DS patients is appro ximately 30 years. However, with advancing medical care and therapy more patients are living to the age of 50. All individuals with DS over the age of 35 develop the same kind of abnormal microscopic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain as people who die from Alzheimers disease, the major cause of presenile dementia. Although a vast amount of literature exists on DS, little is known about why the presence of an extra chromosome causes mental retardation. In addition to ... ...ogy and Experimental Neurology, 49 509-518. Ferrer, I., Gullotta, F. (1990) Downs Syndrome and Alzheimers Disease Dendritic Spine Counts in the Hippocampus. Acta Neuropathol, 79 680--685. Mann, D. M. A., Brown, A., Prinja, D., Davies, C. A., Landon, M., Masters, C. L., Beyreuthers, K. (1989) An Analysis of the Morphology of Senile Plaques in Downs Syndrome Patients of Different Ages Using Immunocytochemical and Lectin Histochemical Techniques. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, 15 317-329. Pa tterson, D. (1987) The Causes of Down Syndrome. Scientific American, 255 52-60. Takashima, S., Ieshima, A., Nakamura, H., Becker, L. (1989) Dendrites, Dementia and the Down Syndrome. Brain Development, 11 131-133. Wisniewski, K., Bobinski, M. (1991) Hypothalamic Abnormalities in Down Syndrome. The Morphogenesis of Down Syndrome., 153-167.

Andrew Wythe :: essays research papers

Andrew WytheAndrew Wythe was an amazing artist full of imagination, feelings, and compassion for his work. He has a neat portfolio of work consisting of his two major styles of work, realistic and abstract. A lot of his personal life goes into each painting he creates. Each piece can usually be linked back to the life he lived and fond memories he wished to preserve.Andrew was born in Maine and has quite a history to be told from living there. He has been painting for fifty years and has changed his style some during those years. He used to paint realistically for quite some time but then do the change to painting abstract. As a child, Andrew has very fond memories of his aim and the fun times the family had together. He can recall a time when his overprotect dressed as St. Nick and frightened him so much that he wet the bed. Just before Christmas, the whole family recalls hearing footsteps on the roof. Their father dropped a painting of St. Nick down the chimney for them. His father did illustrations, so Andrew had plenty of backing for his creative talents. Andrew can take to be being very interested in the art of war ever since his early childhood years. He remembers playing with his tiny soldiers and creating stories for them. Andrew?fs father believed that a painter should be left alone from the ages of 6-18. Andrew had tutors for his cultivation whereas his brothers and sisters went off to school. This gave him free time to roam the countryside. Andrew did not attend college but instead studied under Howard Pyle at his school with 12 other students.Andrew?fs father died near his house in Maine because of a train accident. Andrew really viewed his father as a hero and looked up to him. He will always remember his father and because of this a heavy influence is always with Andrew when painting. His father?fs life truly inspired Andrew and because of this, Andrew?fs paintings are all very personable and all ware a story to tell. The paintings mostly represent his life in Maine and represent the climate and area well. Most of the paintings are of houses, naturalistic surroundings, and his neighbors and friends. He would paint various(a) rooms in his house to portraits of his friends. All were done with such depth and character.

The Monkeys Paw by WW Jacob The Speckled Band by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle :: English Literature

The potter arounds Paw by WW Jacob The Speckled Band by Sir Arthur Conan DoyleBoth of these stories have similar characteristics. They ar memorableand thoroughly described. They are both original. Also locations are veryisolated and mysterious. Each one keeps our interest up to the finaltwist. But there are both(prenominal) differences. The first and most clear istheir genre. The Monkeys Paw is a horror type story, whereas TheSpeckled Band is a detective story. Other differences are the amountof locations within the story. The Speckled Band is set in manydifferent locations some being the office and the Roylett ho make use of. Onthe other hand The Monkeys Paw is only set in the family home.The Monkeys Paw opens in a dark and gloomy setting. It becomes moremysterious when Mr. innocence bears a guilty grin, which makes us wonderwhat is going to happen. The mystery continues further when theSergeant Major arrives and talks of wild scenes from distant parts, ashe has served in the a rmy in India for a long time and has picked upas strange talisman, which has been mummified called the monkeys paw.The monkeys paw is special because it can grant you wishes. Mr. purenessis very ruttish and wanted to know more of this mysterious talisman.The sergeant is trying to put Mr. White off, wanting to have the pawby saying, the last man that use the paw used his last wish to bedead. The sergeant eventually throws the paw on to the inflammation but sothat it is easy to retrieve. Mr. White grabs the paw before it canburn.He makes his first wish and wishes for two hundred pounds, whichseems a safe sum. He sees an evil face in the fire and the monkeys pawmoves as if it was alive. This begins to scare and concern him. Whenhis son leaves for work in the morning he jokes about the wish andsays to his parents that the money might drop on his head from thesky and dont break into the money before I get back. This isironic, as Herbert doesnt return home as he dies at work due to th eevilness of the wish. Around the time Herbert is due home from work, aman in a suit is distant the house that seems reluctant to enter it.Eventually when he does enter it is to break the news of Herbertsdeath. The writer cleverly times this as he introduces a sense oftension into the plot when the amount of compensation is the exact sum

The Monkeys Paw by WW Jacob The Speckled Band by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle :: English Literature

The Monkeys Paw by WW Jacob The Speckled Band by Sir Arthur Conan DoyleBoth of these stories have similar characteristics. They atomic number 18 memorableand well described. They are both original. Also locations are veryisolated and mysterious. Each one keeps our interest up to the finaltwist. But there are some differences. The startle and most clear istheir genre. The Monkeys Paw is a horror type story, whereas TheSpeckled Band is a detective story. Other differences are the listof locations within the story. The Speckled Band is set in manydifferent locations some being the office and the Roylett nursing home. Onthe other hand The Monkeys Paw is only set in the family home.The Monkeys Paw opens in a dark and gloomy setting. It becomes moremysterious when Mr. White bears a guilty grin, which makes us wonderwhat is going to happen. The mystery continues further when theSergeant Major arrives and talks of wild scenes from distant parts, ashe has served in the force in India for a long time and has picked upas strange talisman, which has been mummified called the monkeys handwriting.The monkeys grate is special because it can grant you wishes. Mr. Whiteis very excited and precious to know more of this mysterious talisman.The sergeant is trying to put Mr. White off, wanting to have the baseball gloveby saying, the last man that use the paw used his last wish to bedead. The sergeant eventually throws the paw on to the fire but sothat it is easy to retrieve. Mr. White grabs the paw before it canburn.He makes his first wish and wishes for two hundred pounds, whichseems a safe sum. He sees an evil face in the fire and the monkeys pawmoves as if it was alive. This begins to scare and concern him. Whenhis son leaves for work in the morning he jokes about the wish andsays to his parents that the money might drop on his notch from thesky and dont break into the money before I get back. This isironic, as Herbert doesnt return home as he dies at work due to thee vilness of the wish. Around the time Herbert is due home from work, aman in a suit is outside the house that seems reluctant to enter it.Eventually when he does enter it is to break the news of Herbertsdeath. The writer cleverly times this as he introduces a understanding oftension into the plot when the amount of compensation is the exact sum

Research paradigm Essay

The research paradigm call backed by the tec in regard to this browse included the consideration of case in special occasions and which factors companies should instruction during the period of social occasion in order to throw off their encase their exchange point. During the festival seasons market is flooded with various gift options. Due to the competition various organizations offer attractive schemes and offers to allure the consumers.Consumers due to various kind of motives of purchase gift which can be personal, individual, altruism, cultural, reciprocal and other reason wants to corrupt attractive gifts for the raft within his circle from family to the friends and relatives. The competitions companies face to attract these customers comes from various sectors of the industriousness or outside the industry. Now a days even service organization have become very competitive and services can withal be offered as a gift. In such(prenominal) case comp any(prenominal) f aces all kind of product, generic, industry specific and other kind of competitions.The packaging decisions atomic number 18 one of the important aspects of the marketing mix which can not be ignored in such a competitive environwork forcet where everything needs to be perfect. This paradigm has been utilized many times in the vignette of packaging in special occasions for all the group of respondents. I. i. a. Sample selection The data sampling was randomly managed utilizing stratified means with sixty five questionnaires completed by both male and female sell consumers. The percentages of female respondents were higher than that of male. The quality to use retail consumers alone in this research was made for three reasons. First, it was far simpler to have access to consumers from retail organization in regard to the detectives availability. Second, the focus itself is on understanding attitudes and perceptions for the packaging of gifts in special occasions and retail orga nization is a place attracting major customers to buy gifts. Third, the quantification of such randomness allows the researcher to gain a broader perspective on how respondents observe and realize the meanings of different components of packaging during special occasions and how it impacts their buying behaviour.I.i. b. dependableness and viability Reliability for the researcher was achieved in the assurance that only a specified group of men and women were utilized in regard to the research. The focus of the research has been on the consumers from retail organization. These consumers from retail organization were approachable. Data was collected in the presence of researcher. This gave the research a more focused view of the research goal. The validity was managed as a result of this focus and emphasised in the considerations involved in the data collection, variables and sampling methods.Privacy and confidentiality methods included assigning numeric and alphabetic coding to to each one responding questionnaire. This ensured anonymity in regard to the researcher and the subjects of the research process. I. i. c. Sample size Approximately 100 questionnaires have been distributed to collect the culture. However in 35 questionnaires the information was not completed and due to that these has been withdrawn from the studies. 65 fully filled questionnaires have been utilized for the purpose of study. I. i. d. Questionnaire design The questionnaire design was simple.The questions included in the composing be related to the attributes of the packaging. The time taken to complete the questionnaire was less due to its simple nature. Most of the questions are simple circle question where respondent has to make a circle around the most appropriate and applicable option. I. i. e. Data analysis and findings analytic thinking of information in regard to research managed by the researcher must include complete and full understanding of the questionnaire. This unders tanding focuses in the use of the questionnaire created specifically for this process.It is the considerations realized within the questionnaires, no matter their simplicity, that will focus considerations in later chapters of this work. Within this class of Analysis and Findings there will be measurement of all responses in regard to the questionnaire. Analysis strategy Analysis strategy included a full series of statistical diagrams of all information collected including positive and negative responses, gender variations and marital status. This strategy provided the researcher with a wider spread for the conclusions that became evident in regard to the researchers focus.This information was broken down into specific charts for the benefit of visual context. The visual context provided insight in regard to perceptions of packaging and considerations by consumers from retail organization in regard to the impact of components on them. These perceptions and considerations provide the researcher with evidence to financing the hypothesis made in that effective packaging decisions during the special occasions will support organizations to delight the consumer. Awareness The researcher held awareness of the potential for study in regard to packaging during special occasion through many methods.Those methods include observation, interaction and extensive research. The awareness of the media discussions of packaging amongst collegiate level men and women and the similar studies within this idea would in fact have influenced the choice made. The choice of analyzing how consumers from retail organization amongst this particular population would in fact consider their packaging options and k without delayledge allows for a singular perspective isolated from the more broadly painted view. The focus itself was on the consumers from retail organization and how they absorbed information available before deciding on packaging decisions.Overall, the respondents to the qu estionnaires provided insight in regard to how many individuals are learning more and more about packaging decisions. From the literature review it is evident that usually colour of the packaging which makes impact on sender or receiver of any gift. The questionnaire aims to measure the frequency to which people buy gifts for others and what are the factors they consider for the packaging. Understanding The understanding of this information gathered is proven in the statistics within the questionnaires that were completed and submitted.Each respondent have been explained the target area of study. Researcher has helped the respondents if s/he faces any difficulty in understanding any question. The research found that all respondents understood the material being quest and filled the questionnaires accordingly in timely fashion. The responses of questionnaires were filled in the database as the completed questionnaires had been received from the respondents. This information was th en examined thoroughly for consistency and validity.The researcher now understands that there is a great deal of diversity in gift buying and packaging behaviour among the consumers from retail organization. Respondents can learn about let on packaging options through their own personal research, their parents, friends or other family members. Findings The questionnaire included demographic details like of the respondents Demographic Profile Age Large section of the respondents (41. 5%) fall under the age group of 22-30 years old, followed by people within the age group of 41-50 years who are 20% of the extreme respondents.Approximately 15% of the total respondents fall under the age group of 18-21. Figure III. 1 Age of Respondents Ethnic background 43% of the total respondents were from etiolated community while 34% were Asian. Black other and Black African were 14% and 6% respectively of the total respondents. None of the respondent was from Hispanic or African background. Fi gure III. 2 Ethnic Origin of the Respondents Gender Majority of respondents are female with percentage of 66 while remaining 34% of the respondents are male. Figure III. 3 Gender Consumer behaviour.When respondents were asked the question How frequently do you buy gift items? twenty five out of sixty five responded that they buy gifts once in a month. Twenty two out of sixty five responded that they buy three to six times in a year. Nine respondents told that they buy less often gifts for anyone while the same number of respondents told that they buy gifts once in a week. No respondent told that s/he never buys any gift items.Figure III. 4 Frequency of buying Gift Items Components of Packaging on Special Occasion ColourWhen consumers were asked what they feel about the direction It feels full(a) to receive a present in colourful packaging on special occasions approximately 48% of the respondent strongly hold to the arguing while 35% agreed to the statement.Remaining responden ts felt they were neutral to the Colour of packaging. Figure III. 5 Colourful Packaging Respondents when asked to respond on the statement On special occasions (like Christmas), packaging is more Colourful than normal. Majority of them agreed to the statement. 37% of the total respondents strongly agreed to the statement while approximately 50% agreed to the statement.10-% of the total respondents felt neutral about the statement while approximately 1% disagreed to the same. Figure III. 6 Packaging on Special make Respondents were asked to respond on the shape and Colour attribute of a product. They were asked to respond on the statement People are mostly attracted by different shapes and sizes in gift items. 58% of the total respondents agreed to the statement while approximately 16% strongly agreed. 18% respondents were neutral to this statement while 4% disagreed. 1. 5% of respondents strongly disagreed to the statement. Figure III. 7 Colours and Shapes of Product.When respond ents were asked whether or not they agree to the statement Packaging styles vary for different occasions 44% agreed to the statement while 30% strongly agreed. 18% were neutral to the statement and 4% strongly disagreed. Figure III. 8 Packaging Style in Different occasion When consumers were asked about their own perception regarding shapes and Colours of the product by the statement I am attracted to a product because of different Colours and shapes in packaging when I buy for a special occasion approximately 40% of the total respondents agreed to the statement while 26% strongly agree to the same.18% respondents were neutral to the same, 17% disagreed and 1. 5% strongly disagreed to the statement. Figure III. 9 Impact of Shape and Size of packaging in special occasions To the statement Colourful and attractive packaging makes a good impression about the sender to the receiver. Approximately 50% strongly agreed to the statement while 43% agreed to the same. 6% of the total respond ents were neutral while 1. 5% strongly disagreed to it. Figure III. 10 Colourful and attractive packaging and impression about sender.

? Analyses and Compare the Physical Storage Structures and Types of Available Index of the Latest Versions of: 1. Oracle 2. Sql Server 3. Db2 4. Mysql 5. Teradata

Assignment 5 (Individual) Submission 29 Dec 11 Objective To Enhance Analytical slide by executive and Knowledge * Analyses and Comp atomic figure of speech 18 the Physical Storage social systems and fictional characters of available advocate of the latest versions of 1. prophet 2. SQL horde 3. DB2 4. MySQL 5. Tera info First of either set apart comparative framework. Recommend whizz product for organizations of around 2000-4000 employees with sound reasoning footing on Physical Storage Structures Introduction to Physical Storage Structures ane indication of an RDBMS is the independence of lawful info complex body parts much(prenominal) as remands,views, and forceesfrom physical memory board structures.Because physical and logical structures atomic number 18 separate, you arsehole manage physical store of selective culture without affecting ingress to logical structures. For example, renaming a selective informationbase rouse does not re trace the dining cards come ind in it. The following sections explain the physical selective informationbase structures of an Oracle database, including data shoot downs, redo log rouses, and project burdens. info burdens Every Oracle database has wholeness or to a greater extent physicaldatafiles. The datafiles expect tot eachy the database data. The data of logical database structures, such as tables and magnatees, is physically stored in the datafiles sh ard for a database.The characteristics of datafiles atomic number 18 * A datafile empennage be associated with only one database. * Datafiles idler have certain characteristics set to let them automatically extend when the database runs out of blank. * One or more datafiles form a logical building block of database storage called a tablespace. Data in a datafile is study, as inquireed, during normal database operation and stored in the memory lay away of Oracle. For example, assume that a user wants to get to some data in a table of a database. If the requested culture is not already in the memory cache for the database, and then it is read from the appropriate atafiles and stored in memory. Modified or impertinent data is not necessarily written to a datafile immediately. To slue the amount of disk access and to increase exercise, data is pooled in memory and written to the appropriate datafiles all at once, as determined by thedatabase source operation (DBWn)background process. Control Files Every Oracle database has acontrol file. A control file contains entries that specify the physical structure of the database. For example, it contains the following discipline * Database name * Names and locations of datafiles and redo log files * Time stamp of database creationOracle bungholemultiplexthe control file, that is, simultaneously maintain a military issue of identical control file copies, to protect against a failure involving the control file. Every time an representativeof an Oracle datab ase is started, its control file identifies the database and redo log files that moldiness be opened for database operation to proceed. If the physical makeup of the database is altered, (for example, if a new datafile or redo log file is bring ind), then the control file is automatically modified by Oracle to reflect the change. A control file is also apply in database recovery. Redo Log FilesEvery Oracle database has a set of 2 or moreredo log files. The set of redo log files is collectively known as the redo log for the database. A redo log is made up of redo entries (also calledredo records). The native function of the redo log is to record all changes made to data. If a failure prevents modified data from be permanently written to the datafiles, then the changes can be obtained from the redo log, so work is never lost. To protect against a failure involving the redo log itself, Oracle allows amultiplexed redo logso that two or more copies of the redo log can be maintain ed on different disks.The information in a redo log file is used only to recover the database from a agreement or media failure that prevents database data from being written to the datafiles. For example, if an unexpected power outage terminates database operation, then data in memory cannot be written to the datafiles, and the data is lost. However, lost data can be recovered when the database is opened, after power is restored. By applying the information in the most recent redo log files to the database datafiles, Oracle restores the database to the time at which the power failure occurred.The process of applying the redo log during a recovery operation is calledrolling forward. Archive Log Files You can enable automatic archiving of the redo log. Oracle automatically file away log files when the database is inARCHIVELOGmode. Parameter Files Parameter files contain a list of configuration parameters for that instance and database. Oracle recommends that you constitute a se rver parameter file (SPFILE) as a dynamic means of maintaining initialization parameters. A server parameter file lets you store and manage your initialization parameters persistently in a server-side disk file.Alert and Trace Log Files Each server and background process can write to an associated trace file. When an internal error is detected by a process, it dumps information about the error to its trace file. Some of the information written to a trace file is intended for the database administrator, while other information is for Oracle Support Services. Trace file information is also used to tune applications and instances. The alertness file, or alert log, is a special trace file. The alert file of a database is a chronological log of messages and errors. Backup Files To restore a file is to replace it with a backup file.Typically, you restore a file when a media failure or user error has damaged or deleted the original file. User-managed backup and recovery requires you to ac tually restore backup files before you can perform a trial recovery of the backups. Server-managed backup and recovery manages the backup process, such as scheduling of backups, as well as the recovery process, such as applying the correct backup file when recovery is needed. A databaseinstanceis a set of memory structures that manage database files. opine 11-1shows the relationship between the instance and the files that it manages.Figure 11-1 Database Instance and Database Files Mechanisms for Storing Database Files Several mechanisms are available for allocating and managing the storage of these files. The most common mechanisms include 1. Oracle Automatic Storage Management (Oracle ASM) Oracle ASM includes a file placement excogitateed exclusively for use by Oracle Database. 2. Operating system file system Most Oracle databases store files in afile system, which is a data structure built inside a contiguous disk address space. All operating systems havefile motorcoachs that allocate and deallocate disk space into files in spite of appearance a file system.A file system enables disk space to be allocated to many a(prenominal) files. Each file has a name and is made to appear as a contiguous address space to applications such as Oracle Database. The database can shape, read, write, resize, and delete files. A file system is commonly built on top of alogical volumeconstructed by a software package called alogical volume manager (LVM). The LVM enables pieces of multiple physical disks to be combined into a single contiguous address space that appears as one disk to graduate(prenominal)er layers of software. 3. Raw trick Raw devicesare disk partitions or logical volumes not formatted with a file system.The primary benefit of raw devices is the ability to performdirect I/Oand to write too larger buffers. In direct I/O, applications write to and read from the storage device directly, bypassing the operating system buffer cache. 4. c coursed file system Acluster file systemis software that enables multiple computers to share file storage while maintaining consistent space assignation and file content. In an Oracle RAC environment, a cluster file system makes shared storage appears as a file system shared by many computers in a agglomerate environment.With a cluster file system, the failure of a computer in the cluster does not make the file system unavailable. In an operating system file system, however, if a computer sharing files by means of NFS or other means fails, then the file system is unavailable. A database employs a combination of the preceding storage mechanisms. For example, a database could store the control files and online redo log files in a traditional file system, some user data files on raw partitions, the remaining data files in Oracle ASM, and archived the redo log files to a cluster file system. abilityes in OracleThere are some(prenominal) types of tycoones available in Oracle all designed for different circumstances 1. b* shoetree top executivees the most common type (especially in OLTP environments) and the default type 2. b*tree cluster barones for clusters 3. haschisch cluster big businessmanes for chop up clusters 4. reverse delineate indication numberes useful in Oracle Real Application Cluster (RAC) applications 5. fightmap advocatores common in data warehouse applications 6. partitioned barones also useful for data warehouse applications 7. function-based listes 8. top executive unionised tables 9. domain indexesLets look at these Oracle index types in a little more detail. B*Tree Indexes B*tree stands for balanced tree. This means that the height of the index is the resembling for all set thereby ensuring that retrieving the data for any one value takes approximately the aforesaid(prenominal) amount of time as for any other value. Oracle b*tree indexes are best used when each(prenominal) value has a high cardinality (low number of occurrences)for ex ample primary secern indexes or unusual indexes. One fundamental point to note is that NULL value are not indexed. They are the most common type of index in OLTP systems. B*Tree Cluster IndexesThese are B*tree index be for clusters. Clusters are two or more tables with one or more common newspaper pillars and are ordinarily accessed together (via a spousal relationship). CREATE INDEX product_ tack togethers_ix ON CLUSTER product_orders Hash Cluster Indexes In a hash cluster tracks that have the aforementioned(prenominal) hash pigment value (generated by a hash function) are stored together in the Oracle database. Hash clusters are equivalent to indexed clusters, except the index strike is replaced with a hash function. This also means that here is no separate index as the hash is the index. CREATE CLUSTER emp_dept_cluster (dept_id NUMBER) HASHKEYS 50 Reverse observe IndexesThese are typically used in Oracle Real Application Cluster (RAC) applications. In this type of in dex the bytes of each of the indexed tugs are reversed (but the column order is maintained). This is useful when new data is always inserted at one end of the index as occurs when using a sequence as it ensures new index values are created evenly across the leaf blocks preventing the index from becoming unbalanced which may in turn affect execution. CREATE INDEX emp_ix ON emp(emp_id) REVERSE Bitmap Indexes These are commonly used in data warehouse applications for tables with no up troths and whose columns have low cardinality (i. . there are some distinct values). In this type of index Oracle stores a bitmap for each distinct value in the index with 1 bit for each words in the table. These bitmaps are expensive to maintain and are therefore not adapted for applications which make a lot of writes to the data. For example consider a car manufacturer which records information about cars sold including the colour of each car. Each colour is likely to occur many times and is theref ore suitable for a bitmap index. CREATE BITMAP INDEX car_col ON cars(colour) REVERSE Partitioned IndexesPartitioned Indexes are also useful in Oracle datawarehouse applications where there is a large amount of data that is partitioned by a circumstance dimension such as time. Partition indexes can either be created as local partitioned indexes or global partitioned indexes. Local partitioned indexes mean that the index is partitioned on the same columns and with the same number of partitions as the table. For global partitioned indexes the partitioning is user outlined and is not the same as the underlying table. Refer to the create index statement in the Oracle SQL language generator for details. Function-based IndexesAs the name suggests these are indexes created on the result of a function modifying a column value. For example CREATE INDEX upp_ename ON emp(UPPER(ename(( The function mustiness be deterministic (always return the same value for the same input). Index Organized T ables In an index-organized table all the data is stored in the Oracle database in a B*tree index structure delimitate on the tables primary backbone. This is ideal when related pieces of data must be stored together or data must be physically stored in a specific order. Index-organized tables are often used for information retrieval, spatial and OLAP applications.Domain Indexes These indexes are created by user- defined indexing routines and enable the user to define his or her own indexes on custom data types (domains) such as pictures, maps or fingerprints for example. These types of index require in-depth knowledge about the data and how it will be accessed. Indexes in Sql Server Index type Description Clustered A cluster index sorts and stores the data grades of the table or view in order based on the agglomerative index key. The gather index is implemented as a B-tree index structure that supports fast retrieval of the hagglings, based on their clustered index key value s. Nonclustered A nonclustered index can be defined on a table or view with a clustered index or on a heap. Each index row in the nonclustered index contains the nonclustered key value and a row locater. This locator points to the data row in the clustered index or heap having the key value. The rows in the index are stored in the order of the index key values, but the data rows are not guaranteed to be in any particular order unless a clustered index is created on the table. Unique A unique index ensures that the index key contains no duplicate values and therefore every row in the table or view is in some way unique.Both clustered and nonclustered indexes can be unique. Index with included columns A nonclustered index that is extended to include nonkey columns in addition to the key columns. Full-text A special type of token-based functional index that is built and maintained by the Microsoft Full-Text Engine for SQL Server. It provides efficient support for sophisticated word searches in character string data. Spatial A spatial index provides the ability to perform certain operations more efficiently on spatial objects (spatial data) in a column of thegeometrydata type.The spatial index represss the number of objects on which relationly costly spatial operations need to be applied. Filtered An optimized nonclustered index especially suited to cover queries that select from a well-defined subset of data. It uses a filter predicate to index a portion of rows in the table. A well-designed filtered index can improve doubt slaying, reduce index maintenance costs, and reduce index storage costs compared with near-table indexes. XML A shredded, and persisted, representation of the XML binary large objects (BLOBs) in thexmldata type column. SQL Server Storage StructuresSQL Server does not debate data and storage in exactly the same way a DBA or end-user does. DBA sees initialized devices, device fragments allocated to databases, segments defined in sp ite of appearance Databases, tables defined inwardly segments, and rows stored in tables. SQL Server views storage at a lower direct as device fragments allocated to databases, paginates allocated to tables and indexes within the database, and information stored on paginates. There are two basic types of storage structures in a database. * Linked data rogues * Index trees. All information in SQL Server is stored at the page level. When a database is created, all spaceAllocated to it is divided into a number of pages, each page 2KB in size. There are five types of pages within SQL Server 1. Data and log pages 2. Index pages 3. Text/image pages 4. apportionment pages 5. Distribution pages All pages in SQL Server contain a page header. The page header is 32 bytes in size and contains the logical page number, the succeeding(a) and previous logical page numbers in the page linkage, the object_id of the object to which the page belongs, the minimum row size, the next available row number within the page, and the byte location of the start of the free space on the page.The contents of a page header can be examined by using the dbcc page command. You must be logged in as sa to run the dbcc page command. The syntax for the dbcc page command is as follows dbcc page (dbid page_no ,0 1 2) The SQL Server keeps track of which object a page belongs to, if any. The allocation of pages within SQL Server is managed through the use of allocation units and allocation pages. Allocation Pages Space is allocated to a SQL Server database by the create database and alter database commands. The space allocated to a database is divided into a number of 2KB pages.Each page is assigned a logical page number starting at page 0 and increased sequentially. The pages are then divided into allocation units of 256 contiguous 2KB pages, or 512 bytes (1/2 MB) each. The first page of each allocation unit is an allocation page that controls the allocation of all pages within the allocatio n unit. The allocation pages control the allocation of pages to tables and indexes within the database. Pages are allocated in contiguous blocks of eight pages called extents. The minimum unit of allocation within a database is an extent.When a table is created, it is initially assigned a single extent, or 16KB of space, even if the table contains no rows. There are 32 extents within an allocation unit (256/8). An allocation page contains 32 extent structures for each extent within that allocation unit. Each extent structure is 16 bytes and contains the following information 1. Object ID of object to which extent is allocated 2. Next extent ID in chain 3. Previous extent ID in chain 4. Allocation bitmap 5. Deallocation bitmap 6. Index ID (if any) to which the extent is allocated 7. StatusThe allocation bitmap for each extent structure indicates which pages within the allocated extent are in use by the table. The deallocation bit map is used to identify pages that have become empty d uring a transaction that has not yet been completed. The actual marking of the page as overbold does not occur until the transaction is committed, to prevent another transaction from allocating the page before the transaction is complete. Data Pages A data page is the basic unit of storage within SQL Server. All the other types of pages within a database are essentially variations of the data page.All data pages contain a 32-byte header, as described earlier. With a 2KB page (2048 bytes) this leaves 2016 bytes for storing data within the data page. In SQL Server, data rows cannot cross page boundaries. The maximum size of a single row is 1962 bytes, including row strike. Data pages are linked to one another by using the page pointers (prevpg, nextpg) contained in the page header. This page linkage enables SQL Server to locate all rows in a table by scanning all pages in the link. Data page linkage can be thought of as a two-part linked list.This enables SQL Server to easily link new pages into or unlink pages from the page linkage by adjusting the page pointers. In addition to the page header, each data page also contains data rows and a row finish upset table. The row-offset table grows retroflexed from the end of the page and contains the location or each row on the data page. Each entry is 2 bytes wide. Data lyrics Data is stored on data pages in data rows. The size of each data row is a factor of the sum of the size of the columns plus the row overhead. Each record in a data page is assigned a row number. A single byte is used within each row to store the row number.Therefore, SQL Server has a maximum limit of 256 rows per page, because that is the largest value that can be stored in a single byte (28). For a data row containing all mulish- space columns, there are four bytes of overhead per row 1. Byte to store the number of variable-length columns (in this case, 0) 1 byte to store the row number. 2. Bytes in the row offset table at the end of the page to store the location of the row on the page. If a data row contains variable-length columns, there is additional overhead per row. A data row is variable in size if any column is defined as varchar, varbinary, or allows goose egg values.In addition to the 4 bytes of overhead described previously, the following bytes are required to store the actual row width and location of columns within the data row 2 bytes to store the radical row width 1 byte per variable-length column to store the starting location of the column within the row 1 byte for the column offset table 1 additional byte for each 256-byte boundary passed Within each row containing variable-length columns, SQL Server builds a column offset table backward for the end of the row for each variable-length column in the table.Because only 1 byte is used for each column with a maximum offset of 255, an adjust byte must be created for each 256-byte boundary crossed as an additional offset. Variable-length columns are al ways stored after all fixed-length columns, regardless of the order of the columns in the table definition. Estimating Row and Table Sizes Knowing the size of a data row and the corresponding overhead per row helps you determine the number of rows that can be stored per page.The number of rows per page affects the system performance. A greater number of rows per page can help wonder performance by reducing the number of ages that need to be read to satisfy the query. Conversely, fewer rows per page help improve performance for concurrent transactions by reducing the chances of two or more users accessing rows on the same page that may be locked. Lets take a look at how you can estimate row and table sizes. Fixed-length fields with no null values.Sum of column widths overhead- The Row Offset Table The location of a row within a page is determined by using the row offset table at the end of the page. To find a specific row within the page, SQL Server looks in the row offset table for the starting byte address within the data page for that row ID. contrast that SQL Server keeps all free space at the end of the data page, shifting rows up to fill in where a previous row was deleted and ensuring no space fragmentation within the page.If the offset table contains a zero value for a row ID that indicates that the row has been deleted. Index Structure All SQL Server indexes are B-Trees. There is a single root page at the top of the tree, branching out into N number of pages at each intermediate level until it reaches the bottom, or leaf level, of the index. The index tree is traversed by following pointers from the upper-level pages down through the lower-level pages. In addition, each index level is a separate page chain. There may be many intermediate levels in an index.The number of levels is dependent on the index key width, the type of index, and the number of rows and/or pages in the table. The number of levels is important in relation to index performance. No n-clustered Indexes A non-clustered index is analogous to an index in a textbook. The data is stored in one place, the index in another, with pointers to the storage location of the data. The items in the index are stored in the order of the index key values, but the information in the table is stored in a different order (which can be dictated by a clustered index).If no clustered index is created on the table, the rows are not guaranteed to be in any particular order. Similar to the way you use an index in a book, Microsoft SQL Server 2000 searches for a data value by searching the non-clustered index to find the location of the data value in the table and then retrieves the data directly from that location. This makes non-clustered indexes the optimal choice for exact match queries because the index contains entries describing the exact location in the table of the data values being searched for in the queries.If the underlying table is sorted using a clustered index, the locatio n is the clustering key value otherwise, the location is the row ID (RID) comprised of the file number, page number, and expansion slot number of the row. For example, to search for an employee ID (emp_id) in a table that has a non-clustered index on the emp_id column, SQL Server looks through the index to find an entry that lists the exact page and row in the table where the matching emp_id can be found, and then goes directly to that page and row. Clustered IndexesA clustered index determines the physical order of data in a table. A clustered index is analogous to a telephone directory, which arranges data by last name. Because the clustered index dictates the physical storage order of the data in the table, a table can contain only one clustered index. However, the index can comprise multiple columns (a conglomerate index), like the way a telephone directory is organized by last name and first name. Clustered Indexes are very similar to Oracles IOTs (Index-Organized Tables).A c lustered index is particularly efficient on columns that are often searched for ranges of values. After the row with the first value is found using the clustered index, rows with subsequent indexed values are guaranteed to be physically adjacent. For example, if an application frequently executes a query to retrieve records between a range of dates, a clustered index can right away locate the row containing the beginning date, and then retrieve all adjacent rows in the table until the last date is reached. This can help increase the performance of this type of query.Also, if there is a column(s) that is used frequently to sort the data retrieved from a table, it can be advantageous to cluster (physically sort) the table on that column(s) to remedy the cost of a sort each time the column(s) is queried. Clustered indexes are also efficient for finding a specific row when the indexed value is unique. For example, the high-speed way to find a particular employee using the unique empl oyee ID column emp_id is to create a clustered index or PRIMARY KEY restraint on the emp_id column.NotePRIMARY KEY constraints create clustered indexes automatically if no clustered index already exists on the table and a non-clustered index is not specified when you create the PRIMARY KEY constraint. Index Structures Indexes are created on columns in tables or views. The index provides a fast way to look up data based on the values within those columns. For example, if you create an index on the primary key and then search for a row of data based on one of the primary key values, SQL Server first finds that value in the index, and then uses the index to quickly locate the undefiled row of data.Without the index, a table scan would have to be performed in order to locate the row, which can have a significant effect on performance. You can create indexes on most columns in a table or a view. The exceptions are primarily those columns configure with large object (LOB) data types, suc h asimage,text,andvarchar(max). You can also create indexes on XML columns, but those indexes are slightly different from the basic index and are beyond the scope of this article. Instead, Ill centralize on those indexes that are implemented most commonly in a SQL Server database.An index is made up of a set of pages (index thickenings) that are organized in a B-tree structure. This structure is hierarchical in nature, with the root node at the top of the hierarchy and the leaf nodes at the bottom, as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 B-tree structure of a SQL Server index When a query is issued against an indexed column, the query engine starts at the root node and navigates down through the intermediate nodes, with each layer of the intermediate level more granular than the one above. The query engine continues down through the index nodes until it reaches the leaf node.For example, if youre searching for the value 123 in an indexed column, the query engine would first look in the roo t level to determine which page to reference in the top intermediate level. In this example, the first page points the values 1-100, and the second page, the values 101-200, so the query engine would go to the second page on that level. The query engine would then determine that it must go to the third page at the next intermediate level. From there, the query engine would navigate to the leaf node for value 123.The leaf node will contain either the entire row of data or a pointer to that row, depending on whether the index is clustered or nonclustered. Clustered Indexes A clustered index stores the actual data rows at the leaf level of the index. Returning to the example above, that would mean that the entire row of data associated with the primary key value of 123 would be stored in that leaf node. An important characteristic of the clustered index is that the indexed values are sorted in either ascending or descending order.As a result, there can be only one clustered index on a table or view. In addition, data in a table is sorted only if a clustered index has been defined on a table. NoteA table that has a clustered index is referred to as aclustered table. A table that has no clustered index is referred to as aheap. Nonclustered Indexes Unlike a clustered indexed, the leaf nodes of a nonclustered index contain only the values from the indexed columns and row locators that point to the actual data rows, rather than contain the data rows themselves.This means that the query engine must take an additional step in order to locate the actual data. A row locators structure depends on whether it points to a clustered table or to a heap. If referencing a clustered table, the row locator points to the clustered index, using the value from the clustered index to navigate to the correct data row. If referencing a heap, the row locator points to the actual data row. Nonclustered indexes cannot be sorted like clustered indexes however, you can create more than one no nclustered index per table or view.SQL Server 2005 supports up to 249 nonclustered indexes, and SQL Server 2008 support up to 999. This certainly doesnt mean you should create that many indexes. Indexes can both help and hinder performance, as I explain later in the article. In addition to being able to create multiple nonclustered indexes on a table or view, you can also addincluded columnsto your index. This means that you can store at the leaf level not only the values from the indexed column, but also the values from non-indexed columns. This strategy allows you to get around some of the limitations on indexes.For example, you can include non-indexed columns in order to exceed the size limit of indexed columns (900 bytes in most cases). Index Types In addition to an index being clustered or nonclustered, it can be configured in other ways * Composite indexAn index that contains more than one column. In both SQL Server 2005 and 2008, you can include up to 16 columns in an index, as long as the index doesnt exceed the 900-byte limit. Both clustered and nonclustered indexes can be composite indexes. * Unique IndexAn index that ensures the uniqueness of each value in the indexed column.If the index is a composite, the uniqueness is enforced across the columns as a whole, not on the individual columns. For example, if you were to create an index on the FirstName and LastName columns in a table, the names together must be unique, but the individual names can be duplicated. A unique index is automatically created when you define a primary key or unique constraint * Primary keyWhen you define a primary key constraint on one or more columns, SQL Server automatically creates a unique, clustered index if a clustered index does not already exist on the table or view.However, you can override the default behavior and define a unique, nonclustered index on the primary key. * UniqueWhen you define a unique constraint, SQL Server automatically creates a unique, noncluster ed index. You can specify that a unique clustered index be created if a clustered index does not already exist on the table. * Covering indexA type of index that includes all the columns that are needed to process a particular query. For example, your query might retrieve the FirstName and LastName columns from a table, based on a value in the ContactID column.You can create a covering index that includes all three columns. Teradata What is the Teradata RDBMS? The Teradata RDBMS is a complete relational database management system. With the Teradata RDBMS, you can access, store, and operate on data using Teradata Structured Query Language (Teradata SQL). It is broadly congruous with IBM and ANSI SQL. Users of the client system send requests to the Teradata RDBMS through the Teradata Director Program (TDP) using the Call-Level Interface (CLI) program (Version 2) or via Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) using the Teradata ODBC Driver.As data requirements grow progressively complex, s o does the need for a faster, simpler way to manage data warehouse. That combination of unmatched performance and efficient management is built into the foundation of the Teradata Database. The Teradata Database is continuously being enhanced with new features and functionality that automatically distribute data and balance mixed workloads even in the most complex environments.Teradata Database 14currently offers low total cost of ownership in a simple, scalable, duplicate and self-managing solution. This proven, high-performance decision support engine running on theTeradata Purpose-Built Platform Family offers a full suite of data access and management tools, plus world-class services. The Teradata Database supports installations from fewer than 10 gigabytes to huge warehouses with hundreds of terabytes and thousands of customers. Features & BenefitsAutomatic Built-In Functionality Fast Query Performance Parallel Everything design and smart Teradata Optimizer enables fast query e xecution across platforms Quick Time to Value Simple set up steps with automatic hands off distribution of data, along with integrated load utilities result in rapid installations Simple to Manage DBAs never have to set parameters, manage table space, or reorganize data Responsive to Business Change Fully parallel MPP shared nothing architecture scales linearly across data, users, and applications providing consistent and predictable performance and growth Easy Set & G0 Optimization Options Powerful, Embedded Analytics In-database data mining, virtual OLAP/cubes, geospatial and temporal analytics, custom and embedded services in an extensible open parallel framework drive efficient and differentiated business insight Advanced Workload Management Workload management options by user, application, time of day and central processor exceptions Intelligent Scan Elimination Set and Go options reduce full file scanning (Primary, Secondary, Multi-level Partitioned Primary, Aggregate Jo in Index, Sync Scan) Physical Storage Structure of Teradata Teradata offers a true hybrid row and Column database.All database management systems constantly tinker with the internal structure of the files on disk. Each release brings an improvement or two that has been steadily improving analytic workload performance. However, few of the key players in relational database management systems (RDBMS) have altered the fundamental structure of having all of the columns of the table stored consecutively on disk for each record. The innovations and practical use cases of columnlike databases have come from the independent vendor world, where it has proven to be kind of effective in the performance of an increasingly important class of analytic query.These columnar databases store data by columns instead of rows. This means that all values of a single column are stored consecutively on disk. The columns are tied together as rows only in a catalog reference. This gives a much finer grain of control to the RDBMS data manager. It can access only the columns required for the query as opposed to being forced to access all columns of the row. Its optimal for queries that need a small percentage of the columns in the tables they are in but suboptimal when you need most of the columns due to the overhead in attaching all of the columns together to form the result sets.Teradata 14 Hybrid columned The unique innovation by Teradata, in Teradata 14, is to add columnar structure to a table, effectively mixing row structure, column structures and multi-column structures directly in the DBMS which already powers many of the largest data warehouses in the world. With intelligent exploitation of Teradata columniform in Teradata 14, there is no endless the need to go outside the data warehouse DBMS for the power of performance that columnar provides, and it is no longer necessary to sacrifice robustness and support in the DBMS that holds the post-operational data.A major component of that robustness is parallelism, a feature that has obviously fueled much of Teradatas leadership position in large-scale enterprise data warehousing over the years. Teradatas parallelism, working with the columnar elements, are creating an entirely new epitome in analytic computing the pinpoint accuracy of I/O with column and row partition excreta. With columnar and parallelism, the I/O executes very just now on data interesting to the query. This is finally a strong, and appropriate, architectural response to the I/O bottleneck issue that analytic queries have been living with for a decade.It also may be Teradata Databases most significant enhancement in that time. The physical structure of each container can also be in row (extensive page metadata including a map to offsets) which is referred to as row storage format, or columnar (the row number is implied by the values relative position). Partition Elimination and columnlike The idea of data division to create smaller uni ts of work as well as to make those units of work pertinent to the query is nothing new to Teradata Database, and most DBMSs for that matter.While the concept is being applied now to the columns of a table, it has long been applied to its rows in the form of partitioning and parallelism. One of the hallmarks of Teradatas unique approach is that all database functions (table scan, index scan, joins, sorts, insert, delete, update, load and all utilities) are done in parallel all of the time. There is no qualified parallelism. All units of parallelism participate in each database action. Teradata eliminates partitions from needing I/O by reading its metadata to understand the range of data placed into the partitions and eliminating those that are water-washed out by the predicates.See Figure There is no change to partition elimination in Teradata 14 except that the approach also works with columnar data, creating a combination row and column elimination possibility. In a partitioned, multi-container table, the unneeded containers will be virtually eliminated from consideration based on the filling and projection conditions of the query. See Figure Following the column elimination, unneeded partitions will be virtually eliminated from consideration based on the projection conditions.For the price of a few metadata reads to facilitate the eliminations, the I/O can now specifically retrieve a much focused set of data. The addition of columnar elimination reduces the expensive I/O operation, and hence the query execution time, by orders of magnitude for column-selective queries. The combination of row and column elimination is a unique characteristic of Teradatas implementation of columnar. Compression in Teradata Columnar Storage costs, while decreasing on a per-capita basis over time, are still overwhelming increasing budget due to the massive increase in the volume of data to store.While the data is required to be under management, it is equally required that t he data be compressed. In addition to saving on storage costs, contraction also greatly aids the I/O problem, effectively offering up more relevant information in each I/O. Columnar storage provides a unique opportunity to take advantage of a series of compression routines that make more sense when dealing with well-defined data that has limited variance like a column (versus a row with high variability. ) Teradata Columnar utilizes several compression methods that take advantage of the olumnar orientation of the data. A few methods are highlighted below. Run-Length Encoding When there are repeating values (e. g. , many successive rows with the value of 12/25/11 in the date container), these are easily compressed in columnar systems like Teradata Columnar, which uses run length encoding to simply indicate the range of rows for which the value applies. Dictionary Encoding Even when the values are not repeating successively, as in the date example, if they are repeating in the conta iner, there is opportunity to do a dictionary representation of the data to further save space.Dictionary encoding is done in Teradata Columnar by storing compressed forms of the complete value. The dictionary representations are fixed length which allows the data pages to remain void of internal maps to where records begin. The records begin at fixed offsets from the beginning of the container and no value-level metadata is required. This small fact saves calculations at run-time for page navigation, another benefit of columnar. For example, 1=Texas, 2=Georgia and 3=Florida could be in the dictionary, and when those are the column values, the 1, 2 and 3 are used in lieu of Texas, Georgia and Florida.If there are 1,000,000 customers with only 50 possible values for state, the entire vector could be stored with 1,000,000 bytes (one byte minimum per value). In addition to dictionary compression, including the trimming8 of character fields, traditional compression (with algorithm UTF8) is made available to Teradata Columnar data. Delta Compression Fields in a tight range of values can also benefit from only storing the offset (delta) from a set value. Teradata Columnar calculates an average for a container and can store only the offsets from that value in place of the field.Whereas the value itself might be an integer, the offsets can be small integers, which recur the space utilization. Compression methods like this lose their effectiveness when a variety of field types, such as found in a typical row, need to be stored consecutively. The compression methods are applied automatically (if desired) to each container, and can vary across all the columns of a table or even from container to container within a column9 based on the characteristics of the data in the container.Multiple methods can be used with each column, which is a strong feature of Teradata Columnar. The compounding effect of the compression in columnar databases is a tremendous improvement over th e hackneyed compression that would be available for a strict row-based DBMS. Teradata Indexes Teradata provides several indexing options for optimizing the performance of your relational databases. i. Primary Indexes ii. Secondary Indexes iii. Join Indexes iv. Hash Indexes v. Reference Indexes Primary Index Primary index determines the distribution of table rows on the disks controlled by AMPs.In Teradata RDBMS, a primary index is required for row distribution and storage. When a new row is inserted, its hash code is derived by applying a hashing algorithm to the value in the column(s) of the primary code (as show in the following figure). Rows having the same primary index value are stored on the same AMP. Rules for defining primary indexes The primary indexes for a table should represent the data values most used by the SQL to access the data for the table. Careful selection of the primary index is one of the most important steps in creating a table.Defining primary indexes shoul d follow the following rules * A primary index should be defined to provide a nearly uniform distribution of rows among the AMPs, the more unique the index, the more even the distribution of rows and the better space utilization. * The index should be defined on as few columns as possible. * Primary index can be either Unique or non-unique. A unique index must have a unique value in the corresponding fields of every row a non-unique index permits the insertion of duplicate field values. The unique primary index is more efficient. Once created, the primary index cannot be dropped or modified, the index must be changed by recreating the table. If a primary index is not defined in the CREATE TABLE statement through an explicit declaration of a PRIMARY INDEX, the default is to use one of the following * PRIMARY key * First UNIQUE constraint * First column The primary index values are stored in an integral part of the primary table. It should be based on the set selection most frequently used to access rows from a table and on the uniqueness of the value.Secondary Index In addition to a primary index, up to 32 unique and non-unique secondhand indexes can be defined for a table. Comparing to primary indexes, Secondary indexes allow access to information in a table by alternate, less frequently used paths. A inessential index is a subtable that is stored in all AMPs, but by the piece from the primary table. The subtables, which are built and maintained by the system, contain the following * RowIDs of the subtable rows * Base table index column values * RowIDs of the base table rows (points)As shown in the following figure, the secondary index subtable on each AMP is associated with the base table by the rowID . Defining and creating secondary index Secondary index are optional. Unlike the primary index, a secondary index can be added or dropped without recreating the table. There can be one or more secondary indexes in the CREATE TABLE statement, or add them to an existing table using the CREATE INDEX statement or ALTER TABLE statement. dribble INDEX can be used to dropping a named or unnamed secondary index.Since secondary indexes require subtables, these subtables require additional disk space and, therefore, may require additional I/Os for INSERTs, DELETEs, and UPDATEs. Generally, secondary index are defined on column values frequently used in WHERE constraints. Join Index A join index is an indexing structure containing columns from multiple tables, specifically the resulting columns form one or more tables. Rather than having to join individual tables each time the join operation is needed, the query can be resolved via a join index and, in most cases, dramatically improve performance.Effects of Join index Depending on the complexity of the joins, the Join Index helps improve the performance of certain types of work. The following need to be considered when manipulating join indexes * weight Utilities The join indexes are not supporte d by MultiLoad and FastLoad utilities, they must be dropped and recreated after the table has been loaded. * Archive and Restore Archive and Restore cannot be used on join index itself. During a restore of a base table or database, the join index is marked as invalid.The join index must be dropped and recreated before it can be used again in the execution of queries. * Fallback Protection Join index subtables cannot be Fallback-protected. * steadfast Journal Recovery The join index is not automatically rebuilt during the recovery process. Instead, the join index is marked as invalid and the join index must be dropped and recreated before it can be used again in the execution of queries. * Triggers A join index cannot be defined on a table with triggers. Collecting Statistics In general, there is no benefit in collecting statistics on a join index for joining columns specified in the join index definition itself. Statistics related to these columns should be collected on the underly ing base table rather than on the join index. Defining and creating secondary index Join indexes can be created and dropped by using CREATE JOIN INDEX and DROP JOIN INDEX statements. Join indexes are automatically maintained by the system when updates (UPDATE, DELETE, and INSERT) are performed on the underlying base tables.Additional steps are included in the execution plan to regenerate the stirred portion of the stored join result. Hash Indexes Hash indexes are used for the same purposes as single-table join indexes. The principal difference between hash and single-table join indexes are listed in the following table. Hash indexes create a full or partial replication of a base table with a primary index on a foreign key column table to facilitate joins of very large tables by hashing them to the same AMP. You can define a hash index on one table only.The functionality of hash indexes is a superset to that of single-table join indexes. Hash indexes are not indexes in the usual sen se of the word. They are base tables that cannot be accessed directly by a query. The Optimizer includes a hash index in a query plan in the following situations. * The index covers all or part of a join query, thus eliminating the need to redistribute rows to make the join. In the case of partial query covers, the Optimizer uses certain implicitly defined elements in the hash index to join it with its underlying base table to pick up the base table columns necessary to complete the cover. A query requests that one or more columns be aggregated, thus eliminating the need to perform the aggregate computation For the most part, hash index storage is identical to standard base table storage except that hash indexes can be compressed. Hash index rows are hashed and partitioned on their primary index (which is always defined as non-unique). Hash index tables can be indexed explicitly, and their indexes are stored just like non-unique primary indexes for any other base table.Unlike join i ndexes, hash index definitions do not permit you to specify secondary indexes. The major difference in storage between hash indexes and standard base tables is the manner in which the repeated field values of a hash index are stored. Reference Indexes A reference index is an internal structure that the system creates whenever a referential integrity constraint is defined between tables using a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraint on the parent table in the relationship and a REFERENCES constraint on a foreign key in the child table.The index row contains a count of the number of references in the child, or foreign key, table to the PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraint in the parent table. Apart from capacity planning issues, reference indexes have no user visibility. References for Teradata http//www. teradata. com/products-and-services/database/ http//teradata. uark. edu/research/wang/indexes. html http//www. teradata. com/products-and-services/database/teradata-13/ http//www. odbms. org/d ownload/illuminate%20Comparison. pdf

When Consultants and Clients Clash

When consultants and client clash Problem Essay Statlers have failed to get their clients to acknowledge the differences in thinking about the merger. The rationale behind all(prenominal) merger is that the sum is greater than the parts. Typically, clients identify synergies for the merger and from then on consultants suggest the decisions necessary for attaining them. The synergy cited in this case, economies of scale, is only possible if the two firms worked unneurotic as a single unit.Susan Barlows lack of experience in conducting with clients and failure to go steady the need for merger coupled with Kelloggs ineptness in handling sticky situations has led to the current state. Susan, in her initial briefing with Mr. Kellogg, started off on a wrong note. First, she patronized the entrepreneur-turned-CEO, accepted his list of interviewees and change surface agreed to his deadlines. If she was any experienced, she would have been more pro-active, played the role of a devils advo cate to explore other views about merger and understand its need.More importantly, as John Rau suggests, she would have d unmatchable independent fact finding which would give her an idea about who to talk to. Another important task she at sea out was talking to Mr. Carpenter and exploring his views about the merger. If she had any knowledge about mergers she would have replied to Mr. Kelloggs remarks on mergers and explained to him that acquisitions have furthest higher success pass judgment than mergers of equals. All these point to her lack of expertise in mergers and inexperience with conducting with clients. Royce Kellogg acknowledges how he always relied on Mort Meyer to deal with people problems.Further, his naive view of the merger, which is so far only an agreement between two heads, reinforces his skewed understanding of the problem. In response to numerous calls from employees, who had already been given heads-up, Kellogg was quick in drawing culture that consultants are stirring up trouble rather than understand the underlying causes. Mr. Kelloggs belief that derivatives are harder than the assignment Susan is currently dealing with shows how little refer he has in organizational issues and understanding their importance.With only Morts death triggering the merger, it was pretty thin to start with. For two firms with almost equal share in operation(p) on similar lines of business, the only value that could be derived out of merger is to cut the costs through staff reductions and higher scale of operations. To realize this, one of the firms needed to be an underdog and everybody, including the consultants missed this entirely. Kellogg spoke about mergers of equals without realizing how dangerous it was. This evidence strongly suggests the desperate need for mergers and acquisitions expert.Hence, any corrective measure should start with rescue in an expert on mergers into the team. Statler should start with a fresh slate by bringing in a new t eam to work on the project and let go of the costs for the initial two weeks. This will also greatly alleviate Kelloggs anger and frustration with the consultants. The new policies that should harness the Kellogg Champion should be centered on cutting costs and achieving a merit-based organization structure rather than keeping a set of policies and disregarding the other.

Research Article Analysis Essay

The purpose of the research study is to see if juveniles being employed affects delinquency and substance abuse amongst youth. The problem is that on that point seems to be a direct correlation between substance abuse and the intensity of work schedules while teens are attending cultivate. The questions that are to be researched are why are youth who spend grand hours at work more(prenominal) likely to be delinquent? What is the connection between those teens who work long hours and those who do not and how does it influence delinquency and substance abuse? The design of the study includes the who, what, when, where, why, and how of an investigation (Hagan, 2010, Ch. 3). The who for this study is U.S. students in eighth, tenth, and twelfth grades. The sample excludes students who dropped out or graduated during the survey time period. Some of the students have jobs, and some do not. Those who do not were asked if they could work, what would be the ideal meat of hours they wou ld want to work each week.The amount of hours teens work while in school is the what for the study. The when is 1996, 1997, 1998, and 1999. During these yrs, the same students were surveyed to see how their circumstances had changed between eighth and twelfth grades. The where is the United States. The researchers are surveying random students in the eighth, tenth, and twelfth grades across the country. The why is to see if employment negatively impacts juveniles and contributes towards delinquency and substance abuse. The how is the way in which the study is designed so that the hypothesis batch be addressed and the results will in some way resolve the research problem (Hagan, 2010, Ch. 3). The study is designed in a way to cut through students across a certain age range while also surveying them multiple times through a set time period to track any changes to working while in school. Delinquency and substance abuse are common amongst teens, but some teens may be more likely to commit delinquent acts and abuse substances thanothers.This is a problem for researchers because it is not kn knowledge if working many hours each week, in addition to attending school, causes students to be pulled away from social interactions with their peers, which contributes towards delinquency and substance abuse. An operational definition for delinquency and substance abuse is a self-report measure. During a self-report measure, the naval divisionicipants in the study give their own report of the way something makes them feel. In this case, it would be the number of hours worked or the numbers of hours unemployed teens would prefer to work while attending school. There is room for presentational bias because those being surveyed may not tell the truth about their actions. Inductive system of logic is a way to determine a theory or theories that may explain the results of the data. This study shows inductive logic in the results because the results determined that deviance w as associated with those juveniles who do work, and not those who preferred to work. Delinquency, marijuana use, and heavy drinking were significantly higher for adolescents who spent long hours on the job compared with adolescents who were jobless but preferred moderate hours of work (Staff, Osgood, & Schulenberg, 2010, page 17).Deductive logic gives absolute test copy of something. It begins with a premise that is assumed to be true, and the researcher infers what would be true if the premise is true. They are sometimes known as ifthen statements. Deductive logic is shown in the results because the researchers assume that if a student works while in school, then they are more likely to be delinquent and abuse intoxicant and drugs. This research study is quantitative because it puts the results of the surveys into numerical values that are expressed by charts. Quantitative research uses surveys and questionnaires to compile the data, which is what researchers used for this study . The researcher was not part of the investigation. It was all d sensation by students across the United States. The methodology for this study is use surveys and questionnaires to ask students in the eighth, tenth, and twelfth grades over a four year span about their work history, alcohol usage, and drug usage.The population is all students in the eighth, tenth, and twelfth grades. The sampling method is to use students who remain in school throughout the survey period, and to exclude those who drop out or graduate. The findings of the study were those who were unemployed, but wished they could work were the teens with the highest rates of delinquency and substance abuse. Theresearchers believe this is caused by a desire for the teens to feel like they are adults. They also believe this is because the students who wanted to work had loose ties between family and school. The authors conclusions are that working does not necessarily contribute to higher delinquency and substance abus e rates. Neither does not working.Those who desire to work, but are unable to do so because they are too young, have no experience, cannot drive, or lack the necessary skills to perform a job properly are the juveniles who are the most likely to acquire in delinquent acts, alcohol abuse, and subject abuse. The study could have been done differently by asking questions in a more anonymous way. quite of asking surveys and sending questionnaires out, the students could be asked to voluntarily complete the survey. This could be done by using something like a voting booth. It is quick and easy. No one else would see the results, and it is completely anonymous. It also should not be limited to only students in the eighth, tenth, and twelfth grades.ReferencesHagan, F. E. (2010). Research methods in criminal justice and criminology (8th ed.). Upper send River, NJ Prentice Hall.Staff, J., Osgood, D. W., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2010, November). Explaining the Relationship between Employment and Juvenile Delinquency. Crime and Delinquency.

Mind Muscle Connection

I have put together a brief summary of how all-important(prenominal) a mind muscle builder contact is, and have touched on the following topics in chronological order 1) Introduction 2) Currect bro-split analysis and strongness 3) Examples of optimising the mind-muscle connection 4) Defined example brought out of context 5) Defined example put back into context 6) A scientific cost 7) A scientific approach taken out of context 8) The importance of myelin ) Myelin and skill 10) Conclusion In order to build muscle for example, one must come along an efficient mind muscle connection therefore more experienced bodybuilders have adapted a stronger neurological connection between their mind and the muscle group they have chosen to work out. Thus, by doing a chest/tri split your mind muscle connection is active during the chest phase of the workout, since youre getting the muscle pumped before breaking it down.However, regarding the tris part, the muscle is already pumped sublim inally through it being a secondary muscle group when working out chest. consequently IMO, a more effective split, for example, would be chest/bis since you are initiating mental focus twice as opposed to once. if that makes any sence? In order to settle my aforementioned point regarding a mind-muscle connection I put forward the idea of the disabled Taken out of context in order to set ahead develop a holistic view, we analyse a blind man.Since this person has lost one of his senses he is much more dependant on different senses such as touch for example. Therefore the mind muscle connection has created strong links between the brain/nervous system and poises in his fingers (braille) to ensure the human flys (recalling upon both the fight or flight theory and Darwins natural selection and also a point that Tread-m touched upon in his to the highest degree recent post, the Causality Paradigm Cause and Effect ).Now, if we put this back into context, a bodybuilder would aim to develop/enhance their mind-muscle connection to further the strength of their muscle growth, as it has proven to be beneficial through the simple analytical awareness of the target muscle group and the overall objective, thus creating a synergistic harmonious benefit. Also, neurological changes ultimately the nervous system is responsible for recruiting muscle fibers.In simple terms the nervous system stimulates a muscle to aim by sending down electrical impulses towards the muscle. Scientists can measure the ability of the nervous system to stimulate muscle by measuring its electrical activity. In order to optimise the mind-muscle connection, more myelin must be created (Myelin is the insulation for nerve fibres think of this as the rubber which insulates your household electrical appliances) thus, the more myelin, the stronger and more accurate the electrical activity will be.Every human skill, regardless of which activity it is (for example, playing soccer, playing a musical instrument, running in a one C metre sprint) is created by thousands chains of nerve fibres carrying an electrical pulse resulting in a point out being transmitted from a source (CNS Central nervous System)to the muscles required to perform a specific task. The role of myelin is to embrace and wrap around the nerves carrying the signal in order to ensure that the signal level is efficient thus reducing the amount of electrical impulse being leaked outside of the intended destination.Thus, upon practising (through bodybuilding repetitions, for example) our neurological circuits are continuously judgement of dismissal and through repetitions, our brain signals send messages to ensure each correctly fired signals nerve is insulated more and more (think of this as if the more myelin there is insulating your nerve fibres, the more efficient you are at performing that specific movement). Myelin is very important for many reasons. Everyone can produce it and it is produced more e fficiently during our puerility years (which is why it is considered easier to pick up a skill/talent in our youth than in our senior years).Additionally, its indiscriminate and growth can be a result of both mental and physical actions. Myelin is therefore an inhibitor of skill whereby skill is defined as a cellular insulation that wraps flighty circuits and that grows in response to certain signals (Coyle, D. , 2009) thus, through the analysis of the aforementioned quote, the more time and energy you administer with achieving a certain skill-set the more efficient and effective you become at it (substantiated by the common phrase practise makes perfect).

Estella Essay

Estella, with her long brown hair and her beautiful complex was admired by many. While she was comprehend as a beautiful young woman by Pip, Estella, Miss Havishams adopted daughter in the novel Great Expectations, was cold hearted delinquent to Miss Havishams broken heart, not of her choosing. Estella, Pips love interest, shows her cold- heartedness both as a young girl and young woman. Estella stated You must know that I have no heart (Dickens ) to Pip the first time they met, revealing her cruel nature.In many cases Estella manipulates boys minds leaving them confused and defenseless. For lesson when she kisses Pip on one of their first visits, Pips love towards her grows. However, Estella continues to be cruel towards him by acting as if the kiss was meaningless. As she grows honest-to-god Estellas cruelty continues towards Pip, and right when Pip thought he might have had a chance, Estella was already married. Estellas wicked ways towards Pip proves she is cold-hearted, sc arce instead of running away he continues to be utterly in love with her.This hard heart was not inborn provided instead it was true from a young age. Estella is cruel and she was raised to be this way. Prior to her wedding, broken-hearted Miss Havisham adopted Estella. And the older Estella grew, the more she was taught to despise those of the opposite gender. For example when Pip had arrest over to play cards with Estella, Miss Havisham whispered into Eestellas ear to break his heart.As the same message to be cruel carried on throughout her childhood, it no longer was what she needed to act as, but it was what she had become. Estellas appearances may fool people but her cruelness overpowers her beauty in many ways. Although she may not have chosen to be this way, her cold- hearted thoughts and comments still hurt the people that love her, especially Pip. Estella may be kind at times but overall she is cold-hearted and very cruel to most people, leaving her despised by most.

Idea Vacation Essay

1. Enough Principle-By believing something will happen, it will. You expect bad day and positive(predicate) enough, sure enough, you get a bad day.2. Sub certified- The level of mind through which materials passes on the way towards full consciousness an information store containing memories that are momentarily orthogonal of awareness but that can easily be brought into consciousness. 3. Reticular Activity- A network of shamivities of neurons in the brainstem involving in consciousness, regulation of breathing the transmission of sensational stimuli to high brain centers a primary alert to awareness network that may function differently in vary degrees of consciousness.4. go on /Lock kayoed-An act whereby one has a limited perception of possibilities, problems, or solutions a restricted narrow, or singular view of alternatives. Lock on /Lock out-An act whereby one has a limited perception of possibilities, problems, or solutions a restricted narrow, or singular view of alterna tives 5. Goal / Goal settings-The ac of establishing what we want. 6. Significant- To make a difference may be positive or negative. 7. Awareness- An internal, subjective state of being cognizant or conscious of something alert ness consciousness. 8. Account might Responsible answering for an outcome.9. Belief- An emotional acceptance of a proposition, statement or doctrine. 10. Perception- Those mental processes that give coherence and unity to sensory input a conscious event initiated by some external or internal events an organized complex dependent on a host of other factors (attentions, constancy, motivation, illusions, etc. 1. 11. Scotomas An nerve to indicate that one fails to see or is blind to alternative and therefore can see only limited possibilities a sensory locking out of information from our environment .

Nostalgic Records Proposal

Partner, Melody desirous Records March 16, 2013 Proposal Number 014298B TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Company OverviewPage 4 2. Company Information SystemsPages 5-6 3. accede of well-beings & DrawbacksPage 8 4. Projected SalesPage 9 5. ReferencesPage10 COMPANY OVERVIEW Melody Nostalgic Records leading contract its grand possible action on May 1, 2013. We are a small, brick n mortar, nostalgic record store located in downtown San Antonio, Texas. We will be providing a variety of music arrangements in the form of compact discs, vinyl records, cassette tapes, and 8 tracks.This will ensure we have products for all age ranges of customers. Along with music, we will also trade in music products such as headphones, posters, t-shirts and other related items. In order to meet the needs of customers, we will need to have various information systems in place so we will be adequate to(p) to meet the needs of the customers as well as the needs of the company. Information Systems are integrated s ets of components for collecting, storing, and treat data and for delivering information, knowledge, and digital products (Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. 2013). COMPANY INFORMATION SYSTEMS In order to ensure success in our bloodline and customer satisfaction, utilization of the following five types of information systems will be conducted. * Functional Area IS * administrator Dashboard * Electronic Commerce System * Supply twine Management System * Decision reenforcement System COMPANY INFORMATION SYSTEMS Functional Area IS This system will support, plan and organize point functional areas in our business.For example, this system will enable us to effectively conduct payroll and have an overview of sales management with cost and pricing analysis, broth control, our overall spending and budget. With the information gathered, we will practise an evaluation of weekly, monthly, quarterly and annual reports. executive Dashboard This is a tool for data management. It will suffer u s to identify operational efficiencies, apply preventative measures and recognize the health of our organization through a visual presentation of critical information.Through these reports we will be able to improve any processes that are absentminded in our business (Executive Dashboard, 2007). Electronic Commerce System A website of our products will be generated and correlated into our business to meet the needs of consumers who enjoy shopping from home and expanding our client base end-to-end the nation. This system will eventually allow us to increase our profits. COMPANY INFORMATION SYSTEMS Supply Chain Management System This will enable our company to monitor products, information and financial flow.This system will allow us to oversee our inventory and to also guarantee that we have enough products to meet the imply of our customers (Supply Chain Management,2010). Decision Support System This will enable our managers and company to stack up useful information from raw da ta, documents, personal knowledge, and/or business models to identify and solve problems and make decisions on comparative sales figures and projected revenue (Decision Support Systems, 1996-2012). BENEFITS AND DRAWBACKS OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS Information System Benefit DrawbackFunctional Area IS Company Organization Security and hacking issues Executive Dashboard superpower to produce reports from undisturbed data Requires person with extensive knowledge of Dashboard system Electronic Commerce System Ability to sell products online and expand clients Possible online theft Supply Chain Management Ability to track inventory to ensure products are available on demand Requires person with prior inventory record holding Decision Supports System Ability to identify and solve problems Identified problems may not always be accurate Terms Expressed in Thousands REFERENCES Decision Support Systems. 1996-2012). Retrieved from http//www. informationbuilders. com/decision-support-systems-ds s Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.. (2013). Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved from http//www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/287895/information-system Executive Dashboard. (2007). Retrieved from http//www. iexecutivedashboard. com/ Rainer, R. K. & Cegielski, C. G. (2011). Introduction to Information systems Supporting and Transforming Business. Chapter 2, Information Systems, Concepts and Management. Supply Chain Management. (2010). Retrieved from http//searchmanufacturingerp. techtarget. com/definition/supply-chain-management